1 00:00:09,009 --> 00:00:17,201 >>> NASA'S JET PROPULSION LABORATORY SCIENCE ENGINEERS WHO 2 00:00:17,201 --> 00:00:20,137 ARE EXPLORING OUR PRODUCT, OUR SOLAR SYSTEM AND ALL THAT LIES 3 00:00:20,137 --> 00:00:28,262 BEYOND. 4 00:00:28,262 --> 00:00:30,314 >> HEY, FOLKS. 5 00:00:30,314 --> 00:00:31,281 HOW IS EVERYONE DOING TONIGHT? 6 00:00:31,281 --> 00:00:33,166 GOOD. 7 00:00:33,166 --> 00:00:37,070 WELL, THANKS FOR COMING OUT TO JOIN US ON THIS KIND OF RATHER 8 00:00:37,070 --> 00:00:39,089 UNSEASONABLY WARM OCTOBER. 9 00:00:39,089 --> 00:00:42,376 BUT WE CERTAINLY APPRECIATE YOU COMING OUT. 10 00:00:42,376 --> 00:00:47,447 PRIOR TO THE DODD'S SPACECRAFT ARRIVAL, DISCOVERED IN 1801, IT 11 00:00:47,447 --> 00:00:51,318 WAS THE FIRST OBJECT IDENTIFIED AT A TIME WHEN MANY WERE 12 00:00:51,318 --> 00:00:56,390 SEARCHING FOR A MISSING PLANET BETWEEN MARS AND JUPITER. 13 00:00:56,390 --> 00:00:59,243 INITIALLY, SERIES WAS BELIEVED TO BE THIS MISSING PLANET. 14 00:00:59,243 --> 00:01:03,163 BUT ONCE IT WAS DETERMINED THAT THERE WERE MANY OBJECTS FORMING 15 00:01:03,163 --> 00:01:07,384 A BELT, SERIES WAS DEMOTED FROM PLANET, TO MINOR PLANET TO 16 00:01:07,384 --> 00:01:10,220 ASTEROID. 17 00:01:10,220 --> 00:01:15,342 FINALLY, RECLASSIFIED AS A DWARF PLANET IN 2006. 18 00:01:15,342 --> 00:01:18,145 REGARDLESS OF ITS CLASSIFICATION, IT IS AN 19 00:01:18,145 --> 00:01:23,233 INTRIGUING FORMATION IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM AND STRADDLES THE 20 00:01:23,233 --> 00:01:28,422 BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE ROCKY INNER SOLAR SYSTEM AND ICE AND RICH 21 00:01:28,422 --> 00:01:32,259 MOON OF THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM. 22 00:01:32,259 --> 00:01:36,063 HAVING COMPLETED ITS COMPREHENSIVE INVESTIGATION OF 23 00:01:36,063 --> 00:01:43,220 PROTOPLANET VESPA IN 2012, THE DAWN SPACECRAFT REACHED IT EARLY 24 00:01:43,220 --> 00:01:49,977 IN 2015 TO FINALLY PULL BACK THE VAIL ON THIS MYSTERIOUS WORLD. 25 00:01:49,977 --> 00:01:55,916 TONIGHT'S GUEST JOINED JPO IN 1990 FRESH FROM RECEIVING A PH D 26 00:01:55,916 --> 00:01:58,035 THE PRIOR YEAR. 27 00:01:58,035 --> 00:02:03,156 IN 2002, SHE RECEIVED HER CURRENT ROLE ON THE DAWN 28 00:02:03,156 --> 00:02:05,158 DISCOVERY MISSION. 29 00:02:05,158 --> 00:02:09,296 HER RESEARCH HAS FOLLOWED A LONG ARC FROM THE EARTH'S OCEAN FLOOR 30 00:02:09,296 --> 00:02:14,351 FROM AN ARCTICA TO MARS TO THE ASTEROID BELT. 31 00:02:14,351 --> 00:02:18,205 SHE SPENT HER EARLY CAREER AT SEA. 32 00:02:18,205 --> 00:02:24,928 BUT, CURRENTLY, SHE SPENDS HER TIME STUDYING THE FASCINATING 33 00:02:24,928 --> 00:02:28,115 DAWN AT VESPA WHILE MANAGING THE SCIENCE TEAM. 34 00:02:28,115 --> 00:02:32,969 SHE HAS MORE THAN 120 PUBLICATIONS ON EARTH TECH 35 00:02:32,969 --> 00:02:39,042 TONICS, MAGNETIC FIELDS ON MARS, RANGE OF MISSION TYPES AND THE 36 00:02:39,042 --> 00:02:54,107 CHARACTER EVOLUTION OF VESTA AND THEORIES. 37 00:02:54,107 --> 00:02:57,027 ADDITIONAL, THE ASTEROID WAS NAMED TO RECOGNIZE HER WORK ON 38 00:02:57,027 --> 00:02:59,096 THE DAWN MISSION. 39 00:02:59,096 --> 00:03:01,298 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, PLEASE HELP ME WELCOME DR. CAROL 40 00:03:01,298 --> 00:03:06,103 RAYMOND. 41 00:03:06,103 --> 00:03:14,010 [ APPLAUSE ] >> THANK YOU, MARK. 42 00:03:14,010 --> 00:03:16,079 WELCOME, EVERYBODY. 43 00:03:16,079 --> 00:03:20,000 I'M SO GLAD TO SEE SO MANY PEOPLE HERE. 44 00:03:20,000 --> 00:03:23,120 GETTING A MEDAL FROM NASA IS PRETTY COOL, BUT GETTING AN 45 00:03:23,120 --> 00:03:24,354 ASTEROID IS REALLY COOL. 46 00:03:24,354 --> 00:03:26,273 SO I WAS REALLY PLEASED WITH THAT. 47 00:03:26,273 --> 00:03:28,408 >>> SO LET'S GET UNDERWAY. 48 00:03:28,408 --> 00:03:32,262 JUST TO GIVE YOU A COUPLE OF POINTERS ALONG THE WAY, WE'RE 49 00:03:32,262 --> 00:03:35,966 GOING TO TAKE A JOURNEY THROUGH THE ASTEROID BELT. 50 00:03:35,966 --> 00:03:40,137 AND ON MY TITLE SLIDE HERE, YOU SEE IN THE FOREGROUND HERE IS A 51 00:03:40,137 --> 00:03:43,173 VIEW OF VESTA. 52 00:03:43,173 --> 00:03:45,208 OBTAINED WHEN WE WERE THERE IN 2012. 53 00:03:45,208 --> 00:03:49,196 AND THEN THIS WAS SOME ARTIST'S RENDITION OF WHAT SERIES MIGHT 54 00:03:49,196 --> 00:03:51,064 LOOK LIKEMENT AND WE'LL SEE THAT IT WASN'T QUITE RIGHT. 55 00:03:51,064 --> 00:03:53,133 >>> OKAY. 56 00:03:53,133 --> 00:03:58,955 SO THE DAWN MISSION IS REALLY A JOURNEY IN SPACE BACK IN TIME TO 57 00:03:58,955 --> 00:04:02,325 INVESTIGATE CONDITIONS AND PROCESSES THAT WERE OCCURRING 58 00:04:02,325 --> 00:04:05,028 WHEN THE SOLAR SYSTEM WAS FORMING. 59 00:04:05,028 --> 00:04:07,264 LITERALLY, THE DAWN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, WHICH IS WHY THE MISSION 60 00:04:07,264 --> 00:04:09,166 IS NAMED DAWN. 61 00:04:09,166 --> 00:04:15,372 AND DAWN'S TAR GETS ARE VESTA IN SERIES AND THESE ARE THE TWO 62 00:04:15,372 --> 00:04:18,175 MAIN OBJECTEDS IN THE ASTEROID BELT. 63 00:04:18,175 --> 00:04:23,013 SO DAWN WAS SELECTED IN 2001 AS THE NINTH MISSION IN THE 64 00:04:23,013 --> 00:04:24,364 LOW-COST RECOVERY PROGRAM. 65 00:04:24,364 --> 00:04:26,349 IT WAS A REPEETED PROGRAM. 66 00:04:26,349 --> 00:04:30,120 AND THEY SELECTED THE DAWN PROJECT UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF 67 00:04:30,120 --> 00:04:34,407 PROFESSOR CHRIS RUSSEL AT UCLA TO BE THEIR NINTH MISSION. 68 00:04:34,407 --> 00:04:38,328 NOW DAWN IS A COLLABORATION OF MANY PARTNERS THAT BUILT, 69 00:04:38,328 --> 00:04:42,098 LAUNCHED AND OPERATED THE SPACECRAFT AND THE INSTRUMENT. 70 00:04:42,098 --> 00:04:46,953 AND ITS RICH RETURN IS REALLY A RESULT OF ALL OF THE HARDWORK OF 71 00:04:46,953 --> 00:04:49,139 MANY, MANY PEOPLE WITHIN THE SCIENCE TEAM WITHIN THE 72 00:04:49,139 --> 00:04:52,275 OPERATIONS TEAM AT JPL AND ALL OF OUR PARTNERED INSTITUTIONS. 73 00:04:52,275 --> 00:04:56,980 SO I JUST WANT TO GIVE A SHOUT OUT TO THESE HARD-WORKING TEAMS. 74 00:04:56,980 --> 00:05:01,968 AND IN OUR LOGO BAR, YOU CAN SEE, OF COURSE, WE HAD NASA AND 75 00:05:01,968 --> 00:05:11,027 JPL AND UCLA, THE ORBITAL SCIENCE COMPANIES BUILT THE 76 00:05:11,027 --> 00:05:14,164 SPACECRAFT, FUNDED ONE OF OUR INSTRUMENTS WHICH WAS BUILT BY 77 00:05:14,164 --> 00:05:18,935 THE NATIONAL ASTROPHYSICAL INSTITUTION IN ROME AND JERMAN 78 00:05:18,935 --> 00:05:21,288 AEROSPACE AGENCY FUNDED OUR CAMERAS. 79 00:05:21,288 --> 00:05:27,344 AND THEY WERE BUILT BY THE DLR IN SOCIETY. 80 00:05:27,344 --> 00:05:36,269 SO THE -- THE CONTRIBUTIONS THAT WE GOT FROM THESE EUROPEAN 81 00:05:36,269 --> 00:05:43,193 PARTNERS HELPED TO MAKE DAWN A POSSIBILITY IN A REMARKABLY LOW 82 00:05:43,193 --> 00:05:44,394 COST. 83 00:05:44,394 --> 00:05:48,381 >>> SO WE ARE PROBING DEEP INTO THE ASTEROID BELT. 84 00:05:48,381 --> 00:05:51,985 LET'S START AT THE BEGINNING. 85 00:05:51,985 --> 00:05:56,973 SO OUR SUN, WHEN IT WAS BORN, WAS BORN FROM A SHOCK WAVE, 86 00:05:56,973 --> 00:06:03,897 WHICH COMPRESSED A COLD CLOUD OF GAS AND DUST AND THAT LED TO THE 87 00:06:03,897 --> 00:06:05,966 CONDENSATION THAT FORMED OUR STAR. 88 00:06:05,966 --> 00:06:10,003 AND THAT SHOCK IS THOUGHT TO HAVE BEEN RELATED TO A NEARBY 89 00:06:10,003 --> 00:06:12,305 SUPERNOVA EXPLOSION. 90 00:06:12,305 --> 00:06:26,286 ONCE THE SUN FORMS, THIS NEBULA BEGINS TO ECRETE INTO 91 00:06:26,286 --> 00:06:30,206 PLANETECIMALS AND THEN EVENTUALLY YOU HAVE PLANETARY 92 00:06:30,206 --> 00:06:33,209 EMBRYOS AND ALL OF THESE THINGS ARE EMERGING UNTIL YOU HAVE 93 00:06:33,209 --> 00:06:36,129 PLANETS BORN. 94 00:06:36,129 --> 00:06:55,282 AND THIS WHOLE NEBRASKA NEBULAR DISK GETS ECRETED OUT. 95 00:06:55,282 --> 00:07:01,354 AT THE DAWN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, THIS NEBULA WAS RICH IN SHORT 96 00:07:01,354 --> 00:07:03,256 WAVE RADIOACTIVE LOTS. 97 00:07:03,256 --> 00:07:05,308 AND THAT ADDED A PLOT OF HEAT THIS THE FIRST FEW MILLION 98 00:07:05,308 --> 00:07:08,244 YEARS. 99 00:07:08,244 --> 00:07:13,033 SO ANYTHING THAT WAS CLUMPING TOGETHER AT THAT TIME, THESE 100 00:07:13,033 --> 00:07:17,337 BODIES THAT WERE FORMING AT THAT TIME, INCORPORATED THIS 101 00:07:17,337 --> 00:07:21,074 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL. 102 00:07:21,074 --> 00:07:25,145 BEING RADIOACTIVE, THEY WERE ABLE TO MET, THE MATERIAL COULD 103 00:07:25,145 --> 00:07:29,149 GO TO THE CENTER AND YOU COULD BOIL OFF A LOT OF THE LIGHT 104 00:07:29,149 --> 00:07:31,351 ELEMENTS, THE SULFUR, THE SODIUM, THE CALCIUM AND, 105 00:07:31,351 --> 00:07:33,987 IMPORTANTLY, THE WATER. 106 00:07:33,987 --> 00:07:37,974 SO WHAT WE'RE REALLY TRYING TO FIGURE OUT IS WHAT RESULTED IN 107 00:07:37,974 --> 00:07:42,262 THE DIVERSITY OF OBJECTS THAT WE SEE TODAY WHERE THERE IS NAMELY 108 00:07:42,262 --> 00:07:49,853 THE RESULT OF CHEMICAL VARIATIONS IN THAT NEBULAR DISK 109 00:07:49,853 --> 00:07:53,206 AND THE TIME IN WHICH THE BODY FORMED THE RELATIVE HEAT TO THAT 110 00:07:53,206 --> 00:08:02,265 DISK. 111 00:08:02,265 --> 00:08:06,920 WHAT PROCESSES MIXED ALL OF THAT STUFF UP? 112 00:08:06,920 --> 00:08:08,321 >> SO THESE PERTAIN TO SOME BIG QUESTIONS. 113 00:08:08,321 --> 00:08:12,108 THE ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS PERTAIN TO THINGS LIKE HOW EWE 114 00:08:12,108 --> 00:08:15,962 NEEBLG IS OUR WATER RICH PLANET. 115 00:08:15,962 --> 00:08:18,164 AND WHERE DID IT GET US WATER. 116 00:08:18,164 --> 00:08:22,369 AND, IMPORTANTLY, WHERE AND WHEN IN THE FORMATION OF THE SOLAR 117 00:08:22,369 --> 00:08:25,038 SYSTEM WERE THEIR BODIES WHERE THE CONDITIONS FOR LIFE WERE 118 00:08:25,038 --> 00:08:28,942 MET. 119 00:08:28,942 --> 00:08:31,995 WE DO THINK THAT LIFE PROBABLY FORMED IN MANY PLACES IN THE 120 00:08:31,995 --> 00:08:33,129 SOLAR SYSTEM. 121 00:08:33,129 --> 00:08:52,082 AND MAYBE IT'S STILL THERE NOW AND WE'RE LOOKING BACK IN TIME 122 00:08:52,082 --> 00:08:54,918 IN BODIES THAT WERE WATERER-RICH. 123 00:08:54,918 --> 00:08:58,188 THAT GIVES US A CLUE TO WHERE LIFE MAY HAVE BEEN EXISTING IN 124 00:08:58,188 --> 00:09:00,206 THE EARL LE SOLAR SYSTEM. 125 00:09:00,206 --> 00:09:05,195 SO NOW WE'RE THROUGH WITH OUR SORT OF OLD TESTAMENT. 126 00:09:05,195 --> 00:09:22,028 NOW WE'RE GOING TO GO TO A GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 127 00:09:22,028 --> 00:09:25,014 THESE TWO OBJECTEDS REPRESENT BUILDING BLOCKS OF TERRESTRIAL 128 00:09:25,014 --> 00:09:27,217 PLANETS. 129 00:09:27,217 --> 00:09:29,335 AND, AS SUCH, THEY'RE BASICALLY FOSSILS. 130 00:09:29,335 --> 00:09:31,137 THEY DIDN'T GET INCORPORATED. 131 00:09:31,137 --> 00:09:36,359 THEY DIDN'T GET SMASHED TO SMITHORINES. 132 00:09:36,359 --> 00:09:40,113 SO BY GOING THERE AND INTERROGATING THESE WITNESSES, 133 00:09:40,113 --> 00:09:42,048 WE CAN LEARN A LOT ABOUT WHAT WAS GOING ON AT THAT TIME. 134 00:09:42,048 --> 00:09:46,920 >>> SO THIS IS WHAT SERIES AND VESTA LOOKED LIKE BEFORE DAWN 135 00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:48,905 GOT THERE. 136 00:09:48,905 --> 00:09:52,108 THESE ARE IMAGES FROM THE HUB SPACE TELESCOPE. 137 00:09:52,108 --> 00:09:56,179 THESE ARE THE BEST DATA AVAILABLE BEFORE DAWN. 138 00:09:56,179 --> 00:09:58,948 AND, AS YOU CAN SEE, THERE'S SOME TANT LIEZING BIT OF 139 00:09:58,948 --> 00:10:01,301 INFORMATION IN THERE. 140 00:10:01,301 --> 00:10:05,305 SOME COLOR VARIATIONS AND INTERESTING CAVITY AT THE SOUTH 141 00:10:05,305 --> 00:10:09,259 POLE OF VESTA, WHICH YOU CAN SEE RIGHT HERE. 142 00:10:09,259 --> 00:10:14,998 BUT CLEARLY YOU CAN'T DO A WHOLE LOT MORE WITH THESE IMAGES. 143 00:10:14,998 --> 00:10:19,986 NOW, YOU MAY ALSO, THE INTRODUCTION TOLD YOU ABOUT 144 00:10:19,986 --> 00:10:22,205 SERIES AS THE DWARF PLANET. 145 00:10:22,205 --> 00:10:26,075 IT IS ONE OF A FAMILY OF DWARF PLANETS SHOWN HERE WHICH 146 00:10:26,075 --> 00:10:28,194 INCLUDES PLUTO. 147 00:10:28,194 --> 00:10:32,115 INTERESTINGLY, IF YOU LOOK ON THE BOTTOM HERE, YOU SEE THE 148 00:10:32,115 --> 00:10:35,034 DIFFERENCE FROM THE SUN IN ASTRONOMICAL UNITS. 149 00:10:35,034 --> 00:10:38,071 AN ASTRONOMICAL UNIT IS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE SUN AND THE 150 00:10:38,071 --> 00:10:39,389 EARTH. 151 00:10:39,389 --> 00:10:42,308 SO SERIES IS ROUGHLY THREE TIMES THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE EARTH 152 00:10:42,308 --> 00:10:45,295 AND THE SUN, OUT IN THE ASTEROID BELT. 153 00:10:45,295 --> 00:10:49,983 AND ALL OF NEEDS OTHER PLANETS, INCLUDING PLUTO, ARE WAY OUT 154 00:10:49,983 --> 00:10:53,186 THERE IN WHAT WE CALL THE QUAKER BELT. 155 00:10:53,186 --> 00:10:56,322 AND IT'S FULL OF REALLY INTERESTING OBJECTS WHICH WE'RE 156 00:10:56,322 --> 00:11:01,311 ONLY STARTING TO UNDERSTAND OR FIND AND LEARN ABOUT. 157 00:11:01,311 --> 00:11:05,181 BUT SERIES IS THE ONLY OBJECT IN THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM THAT IS 158 00:11:05,181 --> 00:11:07,233 IN THIS CLASS OF OBJECT. 159 00:11:07,233 --> 00:11:10,236 IT'S BIG ENOUGH AND IT HAS THE SAME KIND OF CHARACTERISTICS. 160 00:11:10,236 --> 00:11:13,406 SO IT IS A PRETTY EXCITING OBJECT JUST FROM THAT 161 00:11:13,406 --> 00:11:16,926 STANDPOINT. 162 00:11:16,926 --> 00:11:21,347 NOW, ITS PEER GROUP INCLUDES ICY MOONS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 163 00:11:21,347 --> 00:11:27,053 AND, OF COURSE, YOU KNOW, PLUTO, THE OTHER DWARF PLANET AND TWO 164 00:11:27,053 --> 00:11:33,192 THAT I FEATURED HERE ARE ANCELIBOUS, HALF THE SIZE, HALF 165 00:11:33,192 --> 00:11:35,111 THE DIAMETER OF SERIES. 166 00:11:35,111 --> 00:11:39,065 AND THEN DIONE, ANOTHER MOON OF SAT EARN WHICH IS ABOUT THE SAME 167 00:11:39,065 --> 00:11:41,100 RADIUS AS SERIES. 168 00:11:41,100 --> 00:11:45,405 AND THESE BODIES ARE VERY, AGAIN, IT'S VERY ICY. 169 00:11:45,405 --> 00:12:11,931 WE KNOW THAT IT'S INACTIVE AND PLOOMS. 170 00:12:11,931 --> 00:12:20,073 THE DAUNTING LEARNED A LOT ABOUT AT OUR TEAM MEETING. 171 00:12:20,073 --> 00:12:41,311 POLERMO IS IN SICILY. 172 00:12:41,311 --> 00:12:47,083 THEY NOETSDSED THAT YOU COULD ADD THIS FACTOR TO -- TO 173 00:12:47,083 --> 00:12:49,268 MERCURY'S DISTANCE AND YOU'D FIND THIS MATHEMATICAL 174 00:12:49,268 --> 00:12:54,190 PROGRESSION OF, YOU KNOW, TWICE THE LAST FACTOR AND SO FORTH. 175 00:12:54,190 --> 00:12:59,963 AND THIS ALL MADE SENSE EXCEPT THAT THERE'S SOMETHING MISSING. 176 00:12:59,963 --> 00:13:03,032 THE PLUS 24 WAS MIZING. 177 00:13:03,032 --> 00:13:07,370 AND THEN URANUS WAS DISCOVERED AND IT FOLLOWED THE SAME RULE, I 178 00:13:07,370 --> 00:13:24,003 THINK, IS GOING TO COME NEXT. 179 00:13:24,003 --> 00:13:29,993 SO IT'S NOW GENERALLY CALLED THE BODE LAW, EVEN THOUGH NOBODY CAN 180 00:13:29,993 --> 00:13:33,262 FIND ANY SIGNIFICANCE TO THE MATHEMATICAL PROGRESSION. 181 00:13:33,262 --> 00:13:34,197 MAYBE IT'S QUINCE DENTAL. 182 00:13:34,197 --> 00:13:36,332 WHO KNOWS. 183 00:13:36,332 --> 00:13:39,352 >>> SO, ANYWAY, THESE GUYS WERE OFF LOOKING FOR A MISSING 184 00:13:39,352 --> 00:13:40,953 PLANET. 185 00:13:40,953 --> 00:13:43,122 THERE WAS ACTUALLY KIND OF AN INTERNATIONAL SURVEY THAT WAS 186 00:13:43,122 --> 00:13:44,240 ORGANIZED. 187 00:13:44,240 --> 00:13:48,161 AND THEY CALLED THEMSZ THE CELESTIAL POLICE. 188 00:13:48,161 --> 00:13:53,199 HERE'S THIS GUY, PIAZZI, WHO STARTED WORKING WITH THE 189 00:13:53,199 --> 00:13:54,984 OBSERVATORY IN POLERMO. 190 00:13:54,984 --> 00:13:57,270 HE'S A MATHEMATICIAN. 191 00:13:57,270 --> 00:13:59,205 HE WASN'T EVEN AN ASTRONOMER. 192 00:13:59,205 --> 00:14:02,241 HE JUST DID A LOT OF THE RIGHT THINGS AND HE ENDED UP FINDING 193 00:14:02,241 --> 00:14:02,909 SERIES. 194 00:14:02,909 --> 00:14:09,349 AND THEN, SHORTLY, HE WAS IN CLOSE CONTACT WITH ALBERS IN 195 00:14:09,349 --> 00:14:11,234 GERMANY. 196 00:14:11,234 --> 00:14:17,223 HE ACTUALLY REDISCOVERED SERIES WHEN PIAZZI LOST IT. 197 00:14:17,223 --> 00:14:22,011 IT'S HARD EVEN WHEN YOU FIND AN OBJECT THAT YOU KNOW IS 198 00:14:22,011 --> 00:14:24,247 SOMETHING LIKE AN ASTEROID, A MINOR PLANET, YOU KNOW, THEN YOU 199 00:14:24,247 --> 00:14:26,132 LOSE IT. 200 00:14:26,132 --> 00:14:28,217 AND YOU HAVE TO FIND IT COMING BACK AROUND AGAIN. 201 00:14:28,217 --> 00:14:30,136 IT CAN BE VERY EASY TO LOSE. 202 00:14:30,136 --> 00:14:40,012 SO IT WAS A COMBINATION OF MATHEMATICS AND FIGURING OUT HOW 203 00:14:40,012 --> 00:14:43,116 TO CALCULATE FROM THE SERIES ORBIT. 204 00:14:43,116 --> 00:14:47,019 SO THIS WAS REALLY A BIG DEAL. 205 00:14:47,019 --> 00:14:50,990 THIS IS A LITHOGRAPH THAT HANGS IN THE OBSERVATORY. 206 00:14:50,990 --> 00:14:54,894 AND IT SHOWS THIS BEAUTIFUL ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENT, WHICH 207 00:14:54,894 --> 00:15:00,900 IS THE ACTUAL TELESCOPE THAT PIAZZI USED TO FIND SERIES. 208 00:15:00,900 --> 00:15:04,253 AND IT WAS REVOLUTIONARY AT THE TIME BECAUSE IT COULD MOVE IN 209 00:15:04,253 --> 00:15:06,956 AZMUTH AND IN LATITUDE. 210 00:15:06,956 --> 00:15:09,275 AND SO IT WAS CALLED THE CIRCLE. 211 00:15:09,275 --> 00:15:13,379 AND IT ALSO HAD SOME OF THE BEST GLASS AROUND. 212 00:15:13,379 --> 00:15:17,166 SO IT WAS REVERED IN ALL OF EUROPE FOR ITS BEING ONE OF THE 213 00:15:17,166 --> 00:15:19,085 BEST INSTRUMENTS. 214 00:15:19,085 --> 00:15:21,287 AND HERE IT IS IN POLERMO. 215 00:15:21,287 --> 00:15:24,941 AND HE TOOK VERY, VERY CAREFUL DATA AND HE FOUND SERIES. 216 00:15:24,941 --> 00:15:29,061 SO THIS IS SERIES, THE GODDESS OF AGRICULTURE. 217 00:15:29,061 --> 00:15:31,347 AND HERE ON HER HEAD IS THE SHINING STAR, WHICH IS OUR 218 00:15:31,347 --> 00:15:34,133 SIRIS. 219 00:15:34,133 --> 00:15:37,970 AND THEN YOU SEE THE ANGELS HERE AROUND THE TELESCOPE. 220 00:15:37,970 --> 00:15:55,354 SO IT'S ALL VERY POETIC. 221 00:15:55,354 --> 00:16:01,194 >>> SO 200 YEARS AFTER THAT, DAWN LAUNCHED. 222 00:16:01,194 --> 00:16:07,250 EVENTUALLY, THEY BECAME PART OF A LARGE COLLECTION WHICH WE NOW 223 00:16:07,250 --> 00:16:11,037 CALL THE ASTEROID BELT. 224 00:16:11,037 --> 00:16:13,239 HERE WE ARE TO GO TAKE A LOOK AT THEM KNOWING THAT THESE ARE 225 00:16:13,239 --> 00:16:14,891 IMPORTANT OBJECTS. 226 00:16:14,891 --> 00:16:22,081 AND WE LAUNCHED AT DAWN, WHICH IS ANOTHER VERY POETIC THICK. 227 00:16:22,081 --> 00:16:25,935 SO OFF WE GO, THERE WAS MANY, MANY PROBLEMS WITH THE LAUNCH. 228 00:16:25,935 --> 00:16:29,138 IT WAS ON, IT WAS OFF, THERE WERE SPRING STORMS, THERE WERE 229 00:16:29,138 --> 00:16:31,140 BOATS THAT BROKE DOWN, THE ROCKET BROKE DOWN, SO MANY 230 00:16:31,140 --> 00:16:32,208 THINGS BROKE DOWN. 231 00:16:32,208 --> 00:16:35,061 BUT WE FINALLY GOT OFF. 232 00:16:35,061 --> 00:16:37,997 AND THEN ONE OF THE THINGS THAT'S REALLY UNIQUE ABOUT DAWN 233 00:16:37,997 --> 00:16:40,116 IS ITS ION ENGINES. 234 00:16:40,116 --> 00:16:45,188 AND, SO, WE USE THESE ION ENGINES TO ALLOW US TO GET TO 235 00:16:45,188 --> 00:16:49,075 NOT ONE BUT TWO DESTINATIONS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 236 00:16:49,075 --> 00:16:51,143 THIS IS A FIRST. 237 00:16:51,143 --> 00:17:04,056 DAWN IS A FIRST MISSION TO GO TO AN ASTEROID. 238 00:17:04,056 --> 00:17:07,176 AND THIS IS ALL, AGAIN, IN A LOW-COST MISSION. 239 00:17:07,176 --> 00:17:10,029 SO THIS IS REALLY A REMARKABLE FEAT. 240 00:17:10,029 --> 00:17:17,253 AND IT'S ALL ENABLED BY ION PROPULSION, A REALLY 241 00:17:17,253 --> 00:17:20,306 REVOLUTIONARY FORM OF PROPULSION. 242 00:17:20,306 --> 00:17:24,944 IWANTED TO HIGHLIGHT THE STRUCHLT. 243 00:17:24,944 --> 00:17:27,046 ONE THING THAT YOU'LL NOTICE IS THAT THEY ALL LOOK PRETTY 244 00:17:30,149 --> 00:17:28,147 COMPLICATED. 245 00:17:30,149 --> 00:17:33,319 AND THEY'RE VERY WELL BUILT AND THEY'RE STILL WORKING TODAY. 246 00:17:33,319 --> 00:17:36,339 YOU KNOW, TEN YEARS AFTER THEY WERE DELIVERED TO THE PROJECT. 247 00:17:36,339 --> 00:17:40,092 SO WE HAVE CAMERAS THAT TAKE IMAGES IN CLEAR AND COLOR 248 00:17:40,092 --> 00:17:43,262 FILTERS. 249 00:17:43,262 --> 00:17:48,050 WE HAVE GAMMA RAY LOOKING AT THE ELEMENTS ON THE SURFACE BASSED 250 00:17:48,050 --> 00:17:51,070 ON THE GAMMA RAY EMISSIONS AND THE NEUTRONS THAT ARE COMING 251 00:17:51,070 --> 00:17:52,855 FROM THE SURFACE. 252 00:17:52,855 --> 00:18:03,049 AND THEN INVISIBLE INFRARED MAPPING SPECKTROMETER TELLING US 253 00:18:03,049 --> 00:18:12,258 ABOUT THE MINERALS AND COMP SIX OF THE SURFACE. 254 00:18:12,258 --> 00:18:18,881 WE KEPT PUSHING OUT UNTIL WE GOT TWO VESTA IN 2011. 255 00:18:18,881 --> 00:18:23,085 WE STAYED FOR 14 MONTHS AND TURNED ON THE ENGINES AND PUSHED 256 00:18:23,085 --> 00:18:25,955 OUT TO SIRIS. 257 00:18:25,955 --> 00:18:29,292 WE GOT THERE IN MARCH AND WILL BE HERE UNTIL FOREVER. 258 00:18:29,292 --> 00:18:34,063 ONCE WE GET INTO OUR LITTLE ALTITUDE ORBIT, WHEN WE RUN OUT 259 00:18:34,063 --> 00:18:38,351 OF FUEL, THE SPACECRAFT WILL NO LODGER TALK TO IT. 260 00:18:38,351 --> 00:18:41,988 BUT IT WON'T LEAVE THE ORBIT THAT IT'S IN. 261 00:18:41,988 --> 00:18:45,274 IT'S GOING TO BECOME A NATURAL SATELLITE OF SERIES. 262 00:18:45,274 --> 00:19:07,330 HERE, YOU CAN SEE IT IN MOTION. 263 00:19:07,330 --> 00:19:10,049 SO WE GET O THERE. 264 00:19:10,049 --> 00:19:16,956 WE CATCH UP WITH VESTA AND THEN WE BEGIN OUR OBSERVATIONS. 265 00:19:16,956 --> 00:19:23,295 AND WE G FOR ABOUT A FOURTH OF VESTA YEAR TAKING OBSERVATIONS 266 00:19:23,295 --> 00:19:26,098 AND FIRE BACK UP. 267 00:19:26,098 --> 00:19:29,068 YOU SEE HOW CLOSE THEY ARE RELATIVE TO EACH OTHER IN THE 268 00:19:29,068 --> 00:19:31,003 CLIPTIC PLANE HERE. 269 00:19:31,003 --> 00:19:35,291 AND THAT IS THE REASON WE CAN DO THIS DUAL ASTEROID MIX. 270 00:19:35,291 --> 00:19:39,145 SO, NOW, HERE WE ARE AT SIRIS. 271 00:19:39,145 --> 00:19:48,270 YOU CAN SEE S RIRKS,IS IS A LITTLE MORE INCLINED THAT VESTA. 272 00:19:48,270 --> 00:19:51,107 SO, EACH OF THESE BODIES, WE'RE GETTING A LOT OF SCIENTIFIC 273 00:19:51,107 --> 00:19:53,042 DATA. 274 00:19:53,042 --> 00:19:57,196 WE'RE MAKING A TOPOGRAPHIC MAP FROM ALL DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS AT 275 00:19:57,196 --> 00:20:00,383 THE SURFACE. 276 00:20:00,383 --> 00:20:06,238 WE'RE MAPPING THE LMTS OF THE HYDROGEN, THE NITROGEN, THE 277 00:20:06,238 --> 00:20:09,158 MAGNESIUM, THE IRON, ALL THE THINGS THAT MAKE UP THE MINERALS 278 00:20:09,158 --> 00:20:13,279 AND ITS VARIATION ON THE SURFACE. 279 00:20:13,279 --> 00:20:16,365 AND THEN WE'RE MEASURING THE FWRAVTY FIELD. 280 00:20:16,365 --> 00:20:19,034 AND, ALSO, WE'RE SEARCHING AROUND THEM TO SEE IF WE HAVE 281 00:20:19,034 --> 00:20:22,204 ANY MOONS. 282 00:20:22,204 --> 00:20:39,321 IT WILL TELL US SOMETHING ABOUT THEIR HISTORY. 283 00:20:39,321 --> 00:20:55,121 IT REMINDS ME OF THE TV SHOW. 284 00:20:55,121 --> 00:20:59,041 YOU CAN ACTUALLY SEE IT AT CERTAIN TIMES OF ITS ORBIT. 285 00:20:59,041 --> 00:21:01,043 IT HAS AN IRON CORE. 286 00:21:01,043 --> 00:21:04,096 IT HAS A MANTLE AND A CRUST, SIMILAR TO THE EARTH. 287 00:21:04,096 --> 00:21:06,265 THE CRUST IS LIKE THE OCEAN CRUST ON THE EARTH, IT'S WITH 288 00:21:06,265 --> 00:21:18,077 SALT. 289 00:21:18,077 --> 00:21:21,330 SIRIS IS ICY, WET AND DARK. 290 00:21:21,330 --> 00:21:26,135 IT'S GOT A MANTLE FULL OF ICE AND A DUSTY CHA SURFACE, WHICH 291 00:21:26,135 --> 00:21:28,053 MAKES IT VERY DARK. 292 00:21:28,053 --> 00:21:30,406 SO, AGAIN, WHY ARE THESE TWO THINGS DIFFERENT. 293 00:21:30,406 --> 00:21:34,994 WAS IT THE CHEMICAL GRADE I CAN'TS? 294 00:21:34,994 --> 00:21:37,196 DID THEY FORM SOMEWHERE EDUCATIONAL AND ONLY ACHIEVE 295 00:21:37,196 --> 00:21:39,064 THEIR CURRENT POSITION BASED ON FORCES? 296 00:21:39,064 --> 00:21:40,966 OR WAS IT THE FORMATION TIME. 297 00:21:40,966 --> 00:21:44,253 WE'RE TRYING TO GET AT THOSE QUESTIONS SO THEY CAN BETTER 298 00:21:44,253 --> 00:21:48,107 UNDERSTAND THE WHOLE CONTEXT IN WHICH THEY WERE FORMING. 299 00:21:48,107 --> 00:21:52,978 SO THINKING OF CONTEXT, THIS WAS A REALLY NICE COMPARISON OF ALL 300 00:21:52,978 --> 00:21:58,050 OF THE ASTEROIDS THAT HAVE BEEN VISITED BY SPACECRAFT OVER, YOU 301 00:21:58,050 --> 00:22:00,186 KNOW, BY NASA. 302 00:22:00,186 --> 00:22:13,165 THE LARGEST ONE, BESIDE VESTA AND SIR ZIRKS WAS LOTISHIA. 303 00:22:13,165 --> 00:22:17,086 YOU CAN'T EVEN SEE SOME OF THEM. 304 00:22:17,086 --> 00:22:20,072 SO WE LIKE TO SAY VESTA IS NOT AN ASTEROID. 305 00:22:20,072 --> 00:22:22,074 IT IS A PROTOPLANET. 306 00:22:22,074 --> 00:22:27,346 IT IS REALLY A DIFFERENT THING THAN ASTEROIDS WHICH GENERALLY 307 00:22:27,346 --> 00:22:34,253 ARE KIND OF DARK AND HOMOGENEOUS AND MADE OF FRAGMENTEDS, 308 00:22:34,253 --> 00:22:39,975 PROBABLY, OF BIGGER BODIES THAT GOT DISRUPTED. 309 00:22:39,975 --> 00:22:43,112 BUT VESTA IS AN INTACT BODY. 310 00:22:43,112 --> 00:22:46,131 IT'S FORMED AND EVOLVED AND GENERALLY STILL IN THE SAME 311 00:22:46,131 --> 00:22:56,125 CONDITION IT WAS WHEN IT FORMED. 312 00:22:56,125 --> 00:23:08,387 >> I THINK YOU'LL AGREE WITH ME, SIRIS IS DIFFERENT. 313 00:23:08,387 --> 00:23:16,161 THESE WERE ALL LUMPED TOGETHER AS ASTEROIDS. 314 00:23:16,161 --> 00:23:19,148 SO AT THE TIME THEY WERE DISCOVERED, THEY LOOKED LIKE 315 00:23:19,148 --> 00:23:19,315 STARS. 316 00:23:19,315 --> 00:23:32,995 THEY WERE JUST DIFFERENT. 317 00:23:32,995 --> 00:23:41,320 A WHOLE DIFFERENT CLASS OF OBJECTS. 318 00:23:41,320 --> 00:23:46,191 SO SIRIS IS NAMED AFTER THE LARGEST ROMAN GOD OF 319 00:23:46,191 --> 00:23:53,198 AGRICULTURE. 320 00:23:53,198 --> 00:23:58,253 IT'S THE ONLY DWARF PLANET IN THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM. 321 00:23:58,253 --> 00:24:04,109 THIS IS WHAT WE THINK IS GOING ON INSIDE OF SIRIS. 322 00:24:04,109 --> 00:24:10,165 THE VERY CORE OF SERIS, BECAUSE SIRIS IS LARGE, THERE'S SOME 323 00:24:10,165 --> 00:24:24,229 GRAVITY, THIS'S COMPRESSION AND THAT CAN CAUSE DEHYDRATION. 324 00:24:24,229 --> 00:24:27,266 AND THEN SURROUNDING THAT, WE HAVE A LAYER OF HEEL DRATED 325 00:24:27,266 --> 00:24:31,070 SILICAS. 326 00:24:31,070 --> 00:24:33,238 THAT'S LIKE CLAY. 327 00:24:33,238 --> 00:24:39,128 BASICALLY, WHEN YOU ADD WATER TO ROCKY MATERIAL, YOU GET THINGS 328 00:24:39,128 --> 00:24:39,361 LIKE CLAY. 329 00:24:39,361 --> 00:24:41,981 OR MUD. 330 00:24:41,981 --> 00:24:57,980 THAT'S WHAT WE THINK IS FORMING THE BULK OF SIRIS. 331 00:24:57,980 --> 00:25:07,189 IF YOU GO THROUGH A MODEL, THE HEAT HAD TO GET OUT. 332 00:25:07,189 --> 00:25:09,324 IT WOULD HAVE RELEASED A LOT OF WATER. 333 00:25:09,324 --> 00:25:14,096 YOU WOULD HAVE HAD A LAYER OF LIQUID WATERER OF SUB SURFACE 334 00:25:14,096 --> 00:25:17,950 OCEAN DURING SOME PORTION OF SIRIS'S HES RI. 335 00:25:17,950 --> 00:25:20,152 NOT TODAY BECAUSE IT'S NOW TOO COLD. 336 00:25:20,152 --> 00:25:22,971 ALL OF THAT OCEAN WOULD HAVE FROZEN OUT AND INTO THIS ICE 337 00:25:22,971 --> 00:25:24,306 LAYER AT THE SURFACE. 338 00:25:24,306 --> 00:25:28,077 SO WHAT WE THINK IS WE'VE GOT THIS ICE, WHICH IS REALLY MIXED 339 00:25:28,077 --> 00:25:31,380 IN WITH ROCK AND, OF COURSE, THERE'S SAULT BECAUSE OUR OCEAN 340 00:25:31,380 --> 00:25:44,259 HAS SALT. 341 00:25:44,259 --> 00:25:47,312 AND THEN COVERED BY THIS DUSTY LAYER OF STUFF. 342 00:25:47,312 --> 00:25:50,215 SO YOU GET THIS DRIED, DUSTY LAYER AT THE SURFACE. 343 00:25:50,215 --> 00:25:57,990 >>> SO THIS IS KIND OF WHAT WE THINK SIRIS LOOKED LIKE. 344 00:25:57,990 --> 00:26:00,909 WHY IS IT IMPORTANT THAT WE HAVE THIS FROZEN OCEAN OR THAT WE HAD 345 00:26:00,909 --> 00:26:09,034 A SUB SURFACE OCEAN IN THE PAST. 346 00:26:09,034 --> 00:26:13,071 >> WHAT WE'RE REALLY CURIOUS ABOUT IS WHAT WERE THE PROCESSES 347 00:26:13,071 --> 00:26:27,219 GOING ON AT THAT OCEAN FLOOR. 348 00:26:27,219 --> 00:26:39,314 AND THAT'S WHERE THE ENVIRONMENT FOR LIFE IS MOST CONDUCIVE. 349 00:26:39,314 --> 00:26:42,100 WE'RE REALLY INTERESTED TO KNOW MORE ABOUT THAT ENVIRONMENT IN 350 00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:44,403 THE PAST. 351 00:26:44,403 --> 00:26:46,972 WE'RE NOT GOING ANYWHERE. 352 00:26:46,972 --> 00:26:49,291 BUT WE'RE LOOKING FOR WHAT'S ON THE SURFACE, THE TELLTALE SIGNS 353 00:26:49,291 --> 00:27:03,188 OF WHAT WAS HAPPENING. 354 00:27:03,188 --> 00:27:09,895 WE'RE LOOKING FOR WHAT MINERALS SURFACED. 355 00:27:09,895 --> 00:27:12,898 IS THERE OTHER MATERIAL BROUGHT IN BY IMPACTERS? 356 00:27:12,898 --> 00:27:18,320 WE'RE TRYING TO FIGURE OUT HOW MUCH WATER IS BEING RELEASED 357 00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:20,155 OVER TIME AND IDENTIFYING WHATEVER THE ENERGY SOURCE FOR 358 00:27:20,155 --> 00:27:21,240 THAT 1. 359 00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:24,092 WE WANT TO KNOW MORE ABOUT THAT ICE SHELL COMPETITION. 360 00:27:24,092 --> 00:27:26,078 THAT TELLS US MORE ABOUT THE EVOLUTION OF THE BODY AS A 361 00:27:26,078 --> 00:27:35,070 WHOLE. 362 00:27:35,070 --> 00:27:51,086 WE TO THAT BY LOOKING AT THE KRATER SHAPES. 363 00:27:51,086 --> 00:27:54,006 >>> NOW, WE CAN GET A LITTLE BIT OF THE INTERIOR STRUCTURE WITH 364 00:27:54,006 --> 00:27:55,207 THE GRAVITY. 365 00:27:55,207 --> 00:27:59,945 AND THAT'S TO MAP THE DENSITY OF THE BODY AS A WHOLE AND THE 366 00:27:59,945 --> 00:28:04,933 SHAPE OF THAT ROCKY CORE. 367 00:28:04,933 --> 00:28:10,072 SO HERE IS A COMPARISON OF SCALE AT EUROPA. 368 00:28:10,072 --> 00:28:17,913 EUROPA BEING THE MOON OF JUPITER FOR ONE OF NASA'S UPCOMING 369 00:28:17,913 --> 00:28:19,898 MISSIONS. 370 00:28:19,898 --> 00:28:24,169 WE'RE GOING TO EUROPA BECAUSE WE THINK IT'S PROBABLY ONE OF THE 371 00:28:24,169 --> 00:28:27,339 HIGHEST POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTS FOR LIFE OUTSIDE OF THE EARTH 372 00:28:27,339 --> 00:28:29,291 AND OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 373 00:28:29,291 --> 00:28:37,349 AND IF YOU COMPARE EUROPA AND LITERALLY THESE PLUMES SHOOTING 374 00:28:37,349 --> 00:28:41,987 OUT IN THE SOUTH BECAUSE OF CRACKS BECAUSE WE ALSO KNOW THAT 375 00:28:41,987 --> 00:28:49,945 THERE'S SOME HYPOTHERMAL ACTIVITY. 376 00:28:49,945 --> 00:28:55,017 THE ONLY DIFFERENT THING THAT THESE GUYS HAVE A LOT OF HITLES. 377 00:28:55,017 --> 00:28:57,853 THEY'RE ORBITING THESE GIANT PLANETS AND THE TITLE FORCES 378 00:28:57,853 --> 00:29:00,138 CAUSE A LOT OF FRICTION. 379 00:29:00,138 --> 00:29:02,190 AND THAT FRICTION METS THE INTERIOR. 380 00:29:02,190 --> 00:29:06,345 AND SO AT THE PRESENT DAY, THEY HAVE LIQUID OCEANS. 381 00:29:06,345 --> 00:29:10,048 SIRIS DIDS IN THE PAST, BUT MAINLY BECAUSE IT WAS SO MUCH 382 00:29:10,048 --> 00:29:12,985 CLOSER TO THE SUN THAT IT HAD A LOT OF SOLAR ENERGY. 383 00:29:12,985 --> 00:29:14,970 THAT WOULD KEEP IT WARM. 384 00:29:14,970 --> 00:29:20,042 AND, SO, FOR SOME BILLIONS OF YEARS THAT HAVE PASSED, THEY 385 00:29:20,042 --> 00:29:22,177 LIKELY HAVE LIQUID WATERER. 386 00:29:22,177 --> 00:29:26,949 SO THESE THREE OBJECTS ALL HAD THE ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS. 387 00:29:26,949 --> 00:29:30,068 THE LIQUID WATER, THE CHEMICAL INGREED YEBTS AND AN ENERGY 388 00:29:30,068 --> 00:29:31,303 SOURCE. 389 00:29:31,303 --> 00:29:34,256 SO THAT'S WHY WE'RE REALLY INTERESTED IN LEARNING MORE 390 00:29:34,256 --> 00:29:37,960 ABOUT WHAT SIRIS WAS LIKE BACK THEN IN A MORE DEFINITIVE SENSE. 391 00:29:37,960 --> 00:29:45,283 OKAY. 392 00:29:45,283 --> 00:29:50,272 SO NOW THIS IS A REALLY COOL MOVIE WHICH IS SHOWING YOU THE 393 00:29:50,272 --> 00:30:06,955 SPACECRAFT WITH ITS BLUE ION BEAM. 394 00:30:06,955 --> 00:30:10,375 A AND THEN THERE WILL BE A SERIES OF EMAGES. 395 00:30:10,375 --> 00:30:11,376 EVERYBODY IS IT'S EXCITED. 396 00:30:18,283 --> 00:30:13,945 WE'RE GETTING THERE. 397 00:30:18,283 --> 00:30:36,184 AND IT STARTS TO GLOW IN OUR VIEW. 398 00:30:36,184 --> 00:30:38,970 AND THEN WE GOT OUR FIRST ROTATION MOVIE. 399 00:30:38,970 --> 00:30:44,109 AND THEN WE SAW IT IN ALL OF ITS GLORY IN A FULL ROTATION AND 400 00:30:44,109 --> 00:30:49,181 FOUND THOSE INCREDIBLY BRIGHT SPOTS, WHICH ARE STILL PUZZLING 401 00:30:49,181 --> 00:30:55,253 THE TEAM TO THIS DAY. 402 00:30:55,253 --> 00:31:01,243 THIS IS A QUICK ANIMATION SHOWING HOW DAWN GOT IN. 403 00:31:01,243 --> 00:31:02,210 THE SPACECRAFT SAVED BACK HERE. 404 00:31:02,210 --> 00:31:04,179 IT SHUT ITSELF DOWN. 405 00:31:04,179 --> 00:31:08,016 SO IT WASN'T ON ITS REGULAR PLANNED TRAJECTORY TO GO INTO 406 00:31:08,016 --> 00:31:10,302 ORBIT. 407 00:31:10,302 --> 00:31:16,942 IT WAS SCREAMING PASSED SIRIS TOO FAST. 408 00:31:16,942 --> 00:31:24,933 SO THE TEAM BASICALLY FIGURED OUT HOW TO MAKE A YOU TURN, COME 409 00:31:24,933 --> 00:31:27,285 BACK AND DID IT IN A MATTER OF WEEKS. 410 00:31:27,285 --> 00:31:30,055 IT'S A HUGE MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM SOLVED. 411 00:31:30,055 --> 00:31:32,124 SO THAT WAS ANOTHER -- YOU KNOW, THEY RESCUED THE MISSION. 412 00:31:32,124 --> 00:31:33,275 IT WAS REALLY IMPRESSIVE. 413 00:31:33,275 --> 00:31:39,264 SO ANOTHER THING. 414 00:31:39,264 --> 00:31:43,335 I WANT TO MENTION HOW WONDERFUL IT IS TO WORK WITH SUCH 415 00:31:43,335 --> 00:31:46,371 INCREDIBLY SMART AND CREATIVE PEOPLE BECAUSE THIS IS NOT LIKE 416 00:31:46,371 --> 00:31:50,926 WROTE STUFF. 417 00:31:50,926 --> 00:31:53,061 THIS IS REALLY FIRST-TIME ACTIVITIES ALMOST ALL OF THE 418 00:31:53,061 --> 00:31:55,330 TIME. 419 00:31:55,330 --> 00:32:01,970 SO THEN WE GET A LITTLE CLOSER UP AND THIS IS WHAT WE FOUND. 420 00:32:01,970 --> 00:32:15,233 YOU CAN SEE THOSE BRIGHT SPOTS IN THE CRATER HERE. 421 00:32:15,233 --> 00:32:17,953 OVERALL, THE SURFACE IS VERY DARK. 422 00:32:17,953 --> 00:32:23,358 AND THERE WAS CRATERERS EVERYWHERE. 423 00:32:23,358 --> 00:32:28,079 THAT WAS A LITTLE PUZZLING. 424 00:32:28,079 --> 00:32:34,986 IT BASICALLY DOESN'T HAVE STRENGTH. 425 00:32:34,986 --> 00:32:37,055 IT BASICALLY WILL FLOW BACK. 426 00:32:37,055 --> 00:32:51,153 BUT, CLEARLY, THERE ARE CRATERS. 427 00:32:51,153 --> 00:33:29,007 AND THEN YOU KNOW, ICE BEING THE MOST REFLECTIVE MATERIAL THAT 428 00:33:29,007 --> 00:33:33,278 YOU COULD HAVE, SALT BEING HIGHLY REFLECTIVE, BUT NOT AS 429 00:33:33,278 --> 00:33:54,983 REFLECTIVE AS ICE. 430 00:33:54,983 --> 00:34:07,262 SO SATURDAY IS A GOOD GOING IN HYPOTHESIS. 431 00:34:07,262 --> 00:34:13,385 BUT MANY WOULD LIKE TO SEE AN ALIEN CIVILIZATION AS WELL. 432 00:34:13,385 --> 00:34:20,108 SO WE'RE KEEPING OUR EYES OUT FOR THAT. 433 00:34:20,108 --> 00:34:24,362 AS YOU MAY KNOW, ANYTHING THAT'S EXPOSED TO SOLAR WIND, TO THE 434 00:34:24,362 --> 00:34:29,000 RADIATION OF SPACE WILL USUALLY DARKEN OVERTIME. 435 00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:33,138 SO WE'RE WONDERING IF THEY COULD BE RELATED TO WATER VAPOR 436 00:34:33,138 --> 00:34:41,046 EMISSIONS THAT WAS PROTECTED BY THE OBSERATORY A FEW YEARS AGO 437 00:34:41,046 --> 00:34:45,984 WHEN SERIES WAS GOING THROUGH ITS PASSING CLOSEST TO THE ZUN 438 00:34:45,984 --> 00:34:53,074 AND THEN THEY DETEKTED BY A VERY SENSITIVE SPECK TROM MATERIAL 439 00:34:53,074 --> 00:34:59,064 THAT TLFGS WATER VAPOR IN THE SIRIS ENVIRONMENT. 440 00:34:59,064 --> 00:35:04,102 SO THIS KIND OF ADDS TO THE WHOLE MIGS MYSTERY OF WHAT IS 441 00:35:04,102 --> 00:35:15,096 GOING ON AT SIRIS. 442 00:35:15,096 --> 00:35:32,147 A COUPLE OF LOOKS OF RESOLVED DATA. 443 00:35:32,147 --> 00:35:35,200 AND THIS ONE, CALLED HILONI. 444 00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:40,055 SO THIS IS SHOWING YOU IN GREAT SCALE THE SHAPE AND BRIGHTNESS. 445 00:35:40,055 --> 00:35:44,359 AND THEN IF WE COLOR THE TOPOGRAPHY, YOU CAN SEE THE 446 00:35:44,359 --> 00:35:51,082 CRATER OUTLINES. 447 00:35:51,082 --> 00:36:01,926 IT'S PART OF THAT SMOOTH TERRAIN AND THEN ANOTHER HIGH AREA. 448 00:36:01,926 --> 00:36:08,199 AND THEN, YOU KNOW, IN THESE ROUGH, SMOOTH TERRAINS WHICH 449 00:36:08,199 --> 00:36:33,291 DON'T NECESSARILILY RELATE TO THE DIFFERENCES IN TOPOGRAPHY. 450 00:36:33,291 --> 00:36:36,344 LOTS OF STUFF THAT WE CAN USE TO SEE WHAT'S GOING ON. 451 00:36:36,344 --> 00:36:42,067 >>> AND THEN RECENTLY, OUR NAMING THEME IS AGRICULTURAL 452 00:36:42,067 --> 00:36:45,203 DEITIES. 453 00:36:45,203 --> 00:36:48,356 AND WE COLLECTED NAMES OF AGRICULTURAL DEITIES FROM AROUND 454 00:36:48,356 --> 00:36:51,860 THE WORLD. 455 00:36:51,860 --> 00:36:56,214 SO THIS IS ONE OF THE BODIES WHERE INSTEAD OF BEING ALL ROMAN 456 00:36:56,214 --> 00:37:01,920 MYTHOLOGY OR A LOT OF MORE EUROPEAN CENTRIC NAMES, WE HAVE 457 00:37:01,920 --> 00:37:05,140 SOME REALLY INTERESTING NAMES FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD. 458 00:37:05,140 --> 00:37:11,045 AND THE COUPLE PLACES THAT I'LL BE SHOWING YOU CLOSE UP ARE 459 00:37:11,045 --> 00:37:41,993 OCOTTER CRATER. 460 00:37:41,993 --> 00:38:00,278 I'M NOT SURE WHY THAT SLIDE IS NOT SHOWING UP. 461 00:38:00,278 --> 00:38:02,280 SO HERE IT IS CLOSE UP. 462 00:38:02,280 --> 00:38:05,333 YOU SEE IT'S GOT KIND OF SOME VARIATIONS IN THE TOPOGRAPHY 463 00:38:05,333 --> 00:38:08,987 WITHIN IT. 464 00:38:08,987 --> 00:38:10,972 IT GIVES YOU THE IMPRESSION THAT STUFF IS SORT OF RISING UNDER 465 00:38:10,972 --> 00:38:15,260 IT. 466 00:38:15,260 --> 00:38:21,249 THE CRATER RIM IS NOT DEFINED AND NOT VERY SHARP. 467 00:38:21,249 --> 00:38:42,987 ING THE LOCATED IN THE REGION OF SMOOTHER TOPOGRAPHY. 468 00:38:42,987 --> 00:38:46,925 AND SO THE MATERIAL WAS ABLE TO FLOW. 469 00:38:46,925 --> 00:38:48,877 SO WE'RE DOING MODELLING RIGHT NOW. 470 00:38:48,877 --> 00:38:52,881 WE'RE TRYING TO GET TO THE BOTTOM OF WHAT CAUSES THE 471 00:38:52,881 --> 00:39:04,926 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CRATER SHAPES. 472 00:39:04,926 --> 00:39:31,236 YOU HAVE THE DEEP CENTER AND THE SHALLOW BASIN. 473 00:39:31,236 --> 00:39:33,154 IT'S MUCH ROUGHER. 474 00:39:33,154 --> 00:39:36,140 AND THEN YOU'LL NOTICE RIGHT IN THE CENTER IS VERY SMOOTH. 475 00:39:36,140 --> 00:39:43,214 AND WE'RE THINKING THAT THESE ARE SOME SORT OF DISCUSS METS. 476 00:39:43,214 --> 00:39:47,352 SOMETHING THAT'S FLOWING IN THE BOTTOM OF THESE CRATERS. 477 00:39:47,352 --> 00:39:50,221 THE TEAM IS JUST TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHAT THAT IS AND WHEN 478 00:39:50,221 --> 00:40:06,170 IT HAPPENS. 479 00:40:06,170 --> 00:40:11,242 BUT ONE THING THAT'S CONCLUDED IS THE STRENGTH OF THE CRUST. 480 00:40:11,242 --> 00:40:17,949 AND HERE'S A BEAUTIFUL PICTURE THAT WE GOT EARLY ON. 481 00:40:17,949 --> 00:40:22,320 IT GIVES YOU A LOT OF DEFINITION OF TOPOGRAPHY BECAUSE OF THE 482 00:40:22,320 --> 00:40:24,072 SHADOWS. 483 00:40:24,072 --> 00:40:50,315 AND HERE YOU CAN SEE ALL OF THE TERRACES AND THE FRACTURES. 484 00:40:50,315 --> 00:40:58,039 SO THESE ARE TWO THINGS SITTING RIGHT NEXT TO EACH OTHER. 485 00:40:58,039 --> 00:41:04,312 HERE, AT THE SAME SCALE, A 49 CLEM XX CRATER ON RAOS, ONE OF 486 00:41:04,312 --> 00:41:26,951 THE MOONS OF SAT EARN. 487 00:41:26,951 --> 00:41:32,390 SO THAT'S GENERALLY BOWL-SHAPED. 488 00:41:32,390 --> 00:41:40,982 NOW, YOU GET THE SAME SORT OF RIM TOPOGRAPHY. 489 00:41:40,982 --> 00:41:44,969 SO RAY IS A LOT COLDER THAN SERIES. 490 00:41:44,969 --> 00:41:49,290 AND SO THIS IS A GOOD INDICATION OR EXAMPLE OF HOW SIRIS WAS 491 00:41:49,290 --> 00:41:53,294 REALLY STRADDLING THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN THESE DRY ROCKY BODIES 492 00:41:53,294 --> 00:41:58,132 AND THESE ICY MOONS. 493 00:41:58,132 --> 00:41:59,016 THESE ARE VERY COLD. 494 00:41:59,016 --> 00:42:15,099 THEY HAVE ABOUT THE SAME TEMPERATURE. 495 00:42:15,099 --> 00:42:17,168 CLEARLY WHATEVER THE MATERIAL IS IS DIFFERENT. 496 00:42:17,168 --> 00:42:23,374 >> AND EVENTUALLY, HOW DOES THAT AFFECT THE WAY THE MATERIAL IS 497 00:42:23,374 --> 00:42:27,145 CON VEKTING IN THE INTERIOR AND MIXING. 498 00:42:27,145 --> 00:42:30,131 NOW, THIS IS ANOTHER RESULT. 499 00:42:30,131 --> 00:42:32,283 IT WAS PUBLICIZED LAST WEEK. 500 00:42:32,283 --> 00:42:37,188 IT IS OUR FIRST COLOR MAP OF SIRIS. 501 00:42:37,188 --> 00:43:04,182 AND IT LOOKS TECHNICOLOR AND IT'S ALL BRIGHT AND EXCITING. 502 00:43:04,182 --> 00:43:11,038 THE COLOR VARIATIONS ARE REALLY SLOW. 503 00:43:11,038 --> 00:43:14,091 HERE IS DONTU. 504 00:43:14,091 --> 00:43:25,002 IT'S ALSO QUIET BLUE. 505 00:43:25,002 --> 00:43:27,288 USUALLY NEF A SPECTRUM THAT GETS HIGHER. 506 00:43:27,288 --> 00:43:33,344 BUT WHEN YOU HAVE A BLUER SPECTRUM, IT'S FLATTER. 507 00:43:33,344 --> 00:43:42,403 SO IT'S REFLECTING AS MUCH BLUE AS IT IS RED. 508 00:43:42,403 --> 00:43:51,929 THE UPSHOT HERE IS THERE'S SOMETHING SPECIAL. 509 00:43:51,929 --> 00:44:13,034 AND THEN WE HAVE A COUPLE MOVIES OF TWO OF THESE KRATERS. 510 00:44:13,034 --> 00:44:19,106 YOU CAN SEE IT'S VERY DISCREET DEPOSITS. 511 00:44:19,106 --> 00:44:21,976 YOU ALSO NOTICE THE CRATER WALLS LOOKS A LOT DIFFERENT THAN YOU 512 00:44:21,976 --> 00:44:29,333 MIGHT BE FAMILIAR WITH. 513 00:44:29,333 --> 00:44:33,070 IT ALMOST LOOKS LIKE FLOUR. 514 00:44:33,070 --> 00:44:37,141 THE VERY STEEP WALLS AND YOU CAN SEE THINGS HAVE FLUNKED DOWN 515 00:44:37,141 --> 00:44:57,929 INTO THE CRATER. 516 00:44:57,929 --> 00:45:13,177 AGAIN, A LOT OF SLUMPING OVER HERE ON THIS SIDE. 517 00:45:13,177 --> 00:45:40,021 AND THEN THESE VERY, VERY BRIGHT AREAS. 518 00:45:40,021 --> 00:45:48,195 >> THIS IS THE SOURCE OF THE VERY BRIGHTEST MATERIAL. 519 00:45:48,195 --> 00:45:56,070 YOU CAN SEE THAT THERE'S ALSO DARK MATERIAL. 520 00:45:56,070 --> 00:46:03,277 AS YOU CAN SEE, THIS OTHER AREA THAT HAS SOME DEFLECTION. 521 00:46:03,277 --> 00:46:07,999 SO WHATEVER THIS IS, IT SEEMS TO BE RELATED TO A PIT IN THE 522 00:46:07,999 --> 00:46:32,023 MIDDLE OF THE CRATER. 523 00:46:32,023 --> 00:46:38,996 IT SEECHLS TO BE RELATED TO THE FRARKTURES. 524 00:46:38,996 --> 00:46:41,265 OKAY, ANOTHER REALLY COOL FEATURE THAT WE FOUND WAS DUBBED 525 00:46:41,265 --> 00:46:43,200 THE PYRAMID. 526 00:46:43,200 --> 00:46:47,271 YOU MAY HAVE SEEN IT IN SOME PRESS RELEASES BECAUSE IT WAS 527 00:46:47,271 --> 00:47:08,275 BASICALLY JUST THIS THING STICKING UP OUT OF THE SURFACE. 528 00:47:08,275 --> 00:47:10,127 THERE IS THIS LONELY MOUNTAIN. 529 00:47:10,127 --> 00:47:15,332 LET'S TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT THAT. 530 00:47:15,332 --> 00:47:17,318 SO NOW YOU'RE LOOKING DOWN ON IT. 531 00:47:17,318 --> 00:47:45,346 THE TOP OF IT LOOKS A LOT REICH LIKE THE SURROUNDING TERRAIN. 532 00:47:45,346 --> 00:47:47,348 OKAY, SO YOU'VE MADE IT THIS FAR. 533 00:47:47,348 --> 00:47:53,871 A LITTLE MOVIE OF TONIGHT'S MUSIC. 534 00:47:53,871 --> 00:47:56,006 YOU CAN GET UP AND STRETCH IF YOU WANT. 535 00:47:56,006 --> 00:47:58,943 WE'RE GOING TO TAKE A LOOK AT THIS AND THEN WE'RE GOING TO 536 00:47:58,943 --> 00:48:00,144 WRAP IT UP. 537 00:48:00,144 --> 00:48:03,214 BUT THIS MOVIE WAS MADE FROM OUR HIGHEST ORBIT DATA. 538 00:48:03,214 --> 00:48:05,066 SO IT'S NOT THAT HIGH RESOLUTION. 539 00:48:05,066 --> 00:48:08,919 BUT IT'S STILL A NICE OVERVIEW. 540 00:48:08,919 --> 00:48:15,059 BY OUR COLLEAGUES IN GERMANY, IN DLR, AND THE GUY THAT MAKES THE 541 00:48:15,059 --> 00:48:16,994 MOVIES, HE ALSO WRITES THE MUSIC. 542 00:48:16,994 --> 00:48:29,156 HE COMPOSES THIS ORIGINAL SCORE FOR THE MOVIE. 543 00:48:29,156 --> 00:48:31,225 IT'S ALWAYS FUN TO WORK WITH THESE CREATIVE PEOPLE. 544 00:48:31,225 --> 00:48:36,147 YOU CAN REALLY GET A SENSE OF HOW BUMPY SIRIS IS BY LOOKING AT 545 00:48:36,147 --> 00:48:37,364 THIS MOVIE. 546 00:48:37,364 --> 00:48:54,165 IT'S JUST VERY LUMPY. 547 00:48:54,165 --> 00:49:01,005 OKAY, LET'S GIVE HIM THE CREDIT THAT HE'S DUE SO WHAT ABOUT THAT 548 00:49:01,005 --> 00:49:01,155 STUFF? 549 00:49:01,155 --> 00:49:44,014 WE DIDN'T FORGET ABOUT HER. >>> IN THE CASE OF VESTA, THESE 550 00:49:44,014 --> 00:49:55,993 COLORS ARE MUCH MORE PRONOUNCED. 551 00:49:55,993 --> 00:49:59,046 LOOX AT THIS ORANGE DEPOSIT HERE. 552 00:49:59,046 --> 00:50:04,351 THIS PURPLE BLUE IS ANOTHER KIND OF MORE BAA SALTIC TYPE OF 553 00:50:04,351 --> 00:50:16,096 LITOLOGY. 554 00:50:16,096 --> 00:50:19,166 SO WHAT YOU GET FROM LOOKING AT THIS IS THERE'S SOME MORE 555 00:50:19,166 --> 00:50:23,387 GENERAL AREAS, BUT YOU'VE GOT A LOT OF MIX GTS AND A LOT OF 556 00:50:23,387 --> 00:50:27,074 EXOTIC DEPOZ SITS. 557 00:50:27,074 --> 00:50:36,267 SO WE HAD A LOT OF FUN PICKING ALL OF THAT APART. 558 00:50:36,267 --> 00:50:43,040 ONE OF THE REASONS THAT WE WENT, WE HAD A LOT OF METEORITES. 559 00:50:43,040 --> 00:51:03,110 THEY'VE BEEN STUDYING FOR DECADES. 560 00:51:03,110 --> 00:51:05,012 WHEN WE GOT THERE, WE WERE ABLE TO CONFIRM THAT IT WAS THE 561 00:51:05,012 --> 00:51:15,239 SOURCE. 562 00:51:15,239 --> 00:51:17,374 WE DID LEARN A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT. 563 00:51:17,374 --> 00:51:21,412 >> WE KNEW FROM HUB THAT I SHOWED YOU EARLY ON THAT TLFGS A 564 00:51:21,412 --> 00:51:33,207 CON CAVITY IN THE SOUTH. 565 00:51:33,207 --> 00:51:40,414 THERE WAS A SECOND BASIN UNDERNEATH THAT. 566 00:51:40,414 --> 00:51:42,983 THIS IS THE CRATER. 567 00:51:42,983 --> 00:51:48,939 IT'S A WONDER IT DIDN'T SHATTER THE WHOLE BODY. 568 00:51:48,939 --> 00:51:51,358 THIS IS THE LARGEST CRATER RELATIVE IN SIZE TO THE SOLAR 569 00:51:51,358 --> 00:51:59,950 SYSTEM. 570 00:51:59,950 --> 00:52:01,969 SO PRETTY COOL STUFF. 571 00:52:01,969 --> 00:52:04,054 THE LOWEST POINT HERE, 14 MILES. 572 00:52:04,054 --> 00:52:06,323 THE HIGHEST POINT, 12 MILES. 573 00:52:06,323 --> 00:52:21,305 AND IT ALL OCCURS IN THAT IMPACT BASIN. 574 00:52:21,305 --> 00:52:28,012 AND THEN YOU'VE GOT THIS GIANT MOUNTAIN. 575 00:52:28,012 --> 00:52:55,072 NOT UNUSUAL TO HAVE AN UPLIFT IN THE CENTER IT RIVALS FOR BEING 576 00:52:55,072 --> 00:52:55,989 THE HIGHEST. 577 00:52:55,989 --> 00:52:59,927 AND TWICE AS HIGH AS MT. EVEREST. 578 00:52:59,927 --> 00:53:02,062 SO THIS IS A PRETTY INTERESTING BODY. 579 00:53:02,062 --> 00:53:07,117 THOSE IMPACTS LEFT THESE SCARS AROUND THE E KWATER OF VESTA. 580 00:53:07,117 --> 00:53:10,070 IT'S THE GLOBAL TECH TONIC FEATURES FROM THE SHOCK THAT 581 00:53:10,070 --> 00:53:14,074 WENT THROUGH DURING THOSE IMPACTS. 582 00:53:14,074 --> 00:53:20,964 VESTA IS REALLY EXPERIENCING A LOT OF GEOLOGY AND A LOT OF 583 00:53:20,964 --> 00:53:24,168 MIXING PROCESSES FROM IMPACTS. 584 00:53:24,168 --> 00:53:36,213 THIS IS A WONDERFUL EXAMPLE OF THIS LIGHT AND DARK MATERIAL. 585 00:53:36,213 --> 00:53:40,350 WHEN YOU LOOK AT THAT IN THE REFLECTED LIGHT SPECTRUM THAT 586 00:53:40,350 --> 00:53:53,147 GIVES US MIN ROLG, THERE IS A COMPOSITIONAL BOUNDARY. 587 00:53:53,147 --> 00:54:03,123 A LOT OF MIXING AND EXOTIC MATERIALS. 588 00:54:03,123 --> 00:54:08,345 A BIG SURPRISE WAS THAT THE GAMMA RAY DETECTOR FOUND THAT 589 00:54:08,345 --> 00:54:10,197 THERE'S MINERAL ON VESTA. 590 00:54:10,197 --> 00:54:12,332 WE THOUGHT IT WOULD BE BONE DRY. 591 00:54:12,332 --> 00:54:16,036 IT SHOULD BE DRIER THAN THE MOON BECAUSE THE SOLAR WIND CAN'T 592 00:54:16,036 --> 00:54:22,376 REALLY GET THE HYDROGEN OUT THERE AS EFFICIENTLY. 593 00:54:22,376 --> 00:54:25,262 BUT WHAT WE FOUND, HYDROGEN LEVELS WERE FOUR TIMES AS 594 00:54:25,262 --> 00:54:39,276 EXPECTED. 595 00:54:39,276 --> 00:54:42,930 YOU SEE IT'S LOCALIZED, TOO. 596 00:54:42,930 --> 00:54:48,118 SO AFTER NOTICING THAT THE HYDROGEN ANOMALY COINCIDED WITH 597 00:54:48,118 --> 00:54:52,940 PREPONDERANCE OF DARK MATERIAL, WE TURN TO METEOR IT'S AND SAID 598 00:54:52,940 --> 00:54:55,008 WHAT CAN THIS BE. 599 00:54:55,008 --> 00:54:58,145 EVERYBODY WAS FOCUSING ON THESE MINERAL CLASS. 600 00:54:58,145 --> 00:55:00,280 WHAT IS THAT AND WHAT IS THAT. 601 00:55:00,280 --> 00:55:02,916 THEY WOULD JUST IGNORE THESE DARK THINGS. 602 00:55:02,916 --> 00:55:10,340 OH, YEAH, THAT'S THE CLAV THAT'S A PIECE OF MATERIAL THAT'S 603 00:55:10,340 --> 00:55:14,127 ASSOCIATED WITH A PRIMITIVE BODY FROM SOMEWHERE ELSE IN THE SOLAR 604 00:55:14,127 --> 00:55:18,332 SYSTEM THAT'S MUCH MORE WATER-RICH. 605 00:55:18,332 --> 00:55:20,184 HERE IT IS MIXED IN WITH THE OTHER MATERIALS. 606 00:55:20,184 --> 00:55:21,385 SO IT WAS LIKE A HA. 607 00:55:21,385 --> 00:55:30,093 THAT'S WHAT WE'RE SEEING. 608 00:55:30,093 --> 00:55:33,363 THIS IS A LARGE PERCENTAGE THAT'S SHOWING UP IN THE DATA 609 00:55:33,363 --> 00:55:36,366 FROM OUR NEUTRON DETECTOR. 610 00:55:36,366 --> 00:55:42,239 SO, CLEARLY, IT WAS COMING TO THE SURFACE AND BRINGING THE 611 00:55:42,239 --> 00:55:46,994 WATER WHICH WAS BOUND IN THOSE MINERALS. 612 00:55:46,994 --> 00:55:49,913 SO THERE WAS A COUPLE OF REALLY INTERESTING FEATURES THAT WE SAW 613 00:55:49,913 --> 00:55:52,015 ON THE SURFACE. 614 00:55:52,015 --> 00:55:54,034 AND THIS IS KIND OF LIKE A POSTER CHILD FOR SOME OF THESE 615 00:55:54,034 --> 00:56:05,212 THINGS. 616 00:56:05,212 --> 00:56:07,281 SO YOU'LL SEE THERE'S THIS LIGHT AND DARK MATERIAL. 617 00:56:07,281 --> 00:56:09,917 WE TOOK A LOOK AT THAT. 618 00:56:09,917 --> 00:56:14,187 AND HERE WE'RE GOING TO JUST FLY AROUND IT A LITTLE BIT. 619 00:56:14,187 --> 00:56:17,124 AND YOU SEE THAT THERE'S KIND OF A MORE ROCKY-LOOKING WALL OVER 620 00:56:17,124 --> 00:56:21,895 HERE. 621 00:56:21,895 --> 00:56:24,998 AND AS WE COME AROUND THE SIDE, WE SEE THE SMOOTH BENCH, A VERY 622 00:56:24,998 --> 00:56:26,316 SMOOTH MATERIAL. 623 00:56:26,316 --> 00:56:29,169 IT KIND OF SEEMS TO HAVE FLOWED DOWN TO THE BOTTOM OF THE 624 00:56:29,169 --> 00:56:35,926 CRATER. 625 00:56:35,926 --> 00:56:39,963 AND, IN GENERAL, WE COME AROUND AND YOU'LL SEE THE VERY BRIGHT 626 00:56:39,963 --> 00:56:49,890 LAYER SHOWING UP OVER HERE. 627 00:56:49,890 --> 00:56:51,158 IT'S UNDER THE BRIGHT MATERIAL. 628 00:56:51,158 --> 00:56:59,149 IT'S ALSO SHOWING UP AS DISCREET LAYERS. 629 00:56:59,149 --> 00:57:06,073 CLEARLY, IT'S NOT A COUPLE OF IMPACTERS. 630 00:57:06,073 --> 00:57:08,992 THIS DARK MATERIAL HAS BEEN DELIVERED TO THE SURFACE. 631 00:57:08,992 --> 00:57:12,245 WHAT WE'RE THINKING IS THAT THESE PITS, DAY MAY NOT LOOK 632 00:57:12,245 --> 00:57:20,187 LIKE PITS TO YOU, BUT THEY ARE. 633 00:57:20,187 --> 00:57:26,326 WHAT THIS IS, WHAT'S LEFT BEHIND WHEN BUBBLES OF GAS ARE BUBBLING 634 00:57:26,326 --> 00:57:28,312 TO THE SURFACE. 635 00:57:28,312 --> 00:57:51,234 IT'S KIND OF A SIMILAR PROCESS, AT LEAST WE THINK. 636 00:57:51,234 --> 00:57:55,238 THERE'S CERTAINLY THE CENTRAL STRUCTURE. 637 00:57:55,238 --> 00:57:58,241 SO IT COVERS OVER THE DARK MATERIAL THAT'S STILL PROCESSING 638 00:57:58,241 --> 00:58:00,160 IMPACT HEAT. 639 00:58:00,160 --> 00:58:03,947 THE WATER IS BEING RELEASED FROM THOSE WATER-RICH MINERALS AND 640 00:58:03,947 --> 00:58:12,339 THEN THE GASES ARE ESCAPING. 641 00:58:12,339 --> 00:58:15,976 HERE YOU CAN SEE THE DARK MATERIAL. 642 00:58:15,976 --> 00:58:22,199 SO, BY ANALOGY TO MARS, WHERE THEY'RE ATRIBUTED TO WATER TO 643 00:58:22,199 --> 00:58:27,287 ESCAPE THE VAPOR FROM THE CRATER FLOOR, WE MAKE A MUCH FORMER 644 00:58:27,287 --> 00:58:40,951 CONNECTION. 645 00:58:40,951 --> 00:58:44,938 THERE MAY ACTUALLY BE ICE IN THE SUB SURFACE AS WELL. 646 00:58:44,938 --> 00:58:48,358 SO THE LAST PIECE OF EVIDENCE WAS SO CALLED GULLIES. 647 00:58:48,358 --> 00:58:55,882 AND IN IS AN EXAMPLE OF NETWORK OF GULLIES IN THE CRATER. 648 00:58:55,882 --> 00:59:02,305 YOU SEE THAT THEY'RE KIND OF DEN DRIDIC VERSUS THESE GULLIES IN 649 00:59:02,305 --> 00:59:18,989 ANOTHER CRATER WHICH ARE ALL STRAIGHT. 650 00:59:18,989 --> 00:59:24,127 SO THESE ARE INTERPRETED AS BEING A PROSECUTETY HERETICAL 651 00:59:24,127 --> 00:59:25,245 THING TO SAY. 652 00:59:25,245 --> 00:59:30,350 BUT ALL OF THIS EVIDENCE IS REALLY POINTING TO A VERY 653 00:59:30,350 --> 00:59:43,897 EPHEMERAL, TRANSIENT WATER FLOW. 654 00:59:43,897 --> 00:59:52,355 SO MAYBE AN ICE-RICH BODY CAME AND IMPACKED VESTA. 655 00:59:52,355 --> 00:59:55,192 AND THEN YOU'VE GOT AN ICE LAYER. 656 00:59:55,192 --> 01:00:00,347 AND THEN YOU HAVE ANOTHER IMPACT COMES IN WITH IMPACT HEAT. 657 01:00:00,347 --> 01:00:05,202 IT WARMS IT UP, RELEASES THE WATER FROM AN ICE LAYER OR FROM 658 01:00:05,202 --> 01:00:21,301 A LAYER OF MATERIAL WHICH HAS BOUND WATER. 659 01:00:21,301 --> 01:00:24,237 AND THEN FORMS THIS PIT IN THE BOTTOM. 660 01:00:24,237 --> 01:00:27,307 IT'S STILL QUITE CONTROVERSIAL. 661 01:00:27,307 --> 01:00:30,360 SO I'LL LEAVE YOU WITH THESE QUESTIONS, YOU KNOW. 662 01:00:30,360 --> 01:00:34,998 WE'RE STILL GRAPPLING WITH IS THERE BURIED ICE ON VESTA. 663 01:00:34,998 --> 01:00:38,335 ARE ALL OF THESE WATERER-TYPE FEATURES COMING FROM MINERALS 664 01:00:38,335 --> 01:00:55,235 THAT ARE RELEASING WATER? 665 01:00:55,235 --> 01:01:01,992 THAT ICE A VERY IMPORTANT QUESTION. 666 01:01:01,992 --> 01:01:10,400 WE THINK THAT ASTEROIDS ARE PROBABLY THE MOST LIKELY WAY TO 667 01:01:10,400 --> 01:01:17,173 DELIVER WATER TO THE EARTH NOW THAT WE'VE GOTTEN AN ANSWER FROM 668 01:01:17,173 --> 01:01:20,110 ROSETTA THAT ITS WATER DOESN'T HAVE THE RIGHT COMPOSITION TO 669 01:01:20,110 --> 01:01:33,006 MATCH THE EARTH'S WATER. 670 01:01:33,006 --> 01:01:36,076 SO KMEBTS ARE A LITTLE MORE OUT OF FAVOR. 671 01:01:36,076 --> 01:01:45,051 >> I'LL JUST END WITH A SUMMARY HERE. 672 01:01:45,051 --> 01:01:49,356 WE'RE STILL WAY IN THE MIDDLE OF ALL OF THIS WORK. 673 01:01:49,356 --> 01:02:04,337 IT'S ALREADY HAVING SOME PROFOUND ITCHLY CASES. 674 01:02:04,337 --> 01:02:10,193 THE SCATTERING OF MATERIAL BETWEEN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE 675 01:02:10,193 --> 01:02:14,047 SOLAR SYSTEM BOTH IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF MATERIAL IN 676 01:02:14,047 --> 01:02:32,999 MAKING UP THE PLAN PLARN ETS AS WELL AS THE ASTEROID POPULATION. 677 01:02:32,999 --> 01:02:42,142 THESE WET, IT'S SILL BODIES HAD ENVIRONMENTS CONDUCIVE TO LIFE. 678 01:02:42,142 --> 01:02:48,048 WE'RE VERY PLEASED THAT WE DECIDED TO GO TO THESE BODIES. 679 01:02:48,048 --> 01:02:50,150 I'M AMGS VERY HAPPY TO SHARE THAT WITH YOU TONIGHT. 680 01:02:50,150 --> 01:02:55,088 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION. 681 01:02:55,088 --> 01:03:06,333 [ APPLAUSE ] NOW I'M GOING TO FIND SOMETHING 682 01:03:06,333 --> 01:03:21,181 FUN FOR A BACKDROP. 683 01:03:21,181 --> 01:03:21,982 HOPEFULLY THAT ONE. 684 01:03:21,982 --> 01:03:23,967 OKAY. 685 01:03:23,967 --> 01:03:26,069 IF YOU WANT TO ASK A QUESTION, CAN YOU PLEASE USE THE 686 01:03:26,069 --> 01:03:33,159 MICROPHONE. 687 01:03:33,159 --> 01:03:36,946 >> THAT IMAGE LOOKED LIKE IT HAD THE FLOW FEATURE. 688 01:03:36,946 --> 01:03:40,216 IT LOOKDED MORE LIKE FLUID FLOW THAN DUST FLOWING. 689 01:03:40,216 --> 01:03:43,353 WAS IT ACTUALLY A STRANGELY-SHAPED FRACTURE. 690 01:03:43,353 --> 01:03:54,230 >> I'M SORRY -- >> IN THE KRATER. 691 01:03:54,230 --> 01:04:01,888 >> YEAH, IT'S LIKELY IT WAS SOME SORT OF A MASS-WASTING SLURPING 692 01:04:01,888 --> 01:04:11,331 EVENT. 693 01:04:11,331 --> 01:04:16,186 IT WAS A LITTLE CRATER ON THE SIDE. 694 01:04:16,186 --> 01:04:21,291 I'M SURE YOU SAW IT'S HELD THE LAYERING MAINTAINED AS THAT 695 01:04:21,291 --> 01:04:27,180 SLUMP WAS GOING IN THERE. 696 01:04:27,180 --> 01:04:35,305 >> WITHOUT COMET-LIKE JETS, HOW GOOD OF THE INFORMATION DID WE 697 01:04:35,305 --> 01:04:38,007 GET? 698 01:04:38,007 --> 01:04:39,375 WILL WE BE ABLE TO CONSTRAIN THAT? 699 01:04:39,375 --> 01:04:46,199 >> NO, WE CAN'T, UNFORTUNATELY. 700 01:04:46,199 --> 01:04:47,350 >> SO WE FEEL TO GO BACK. 701 01:04:47,350 --> 01:04:52,088 >> THANK YOU FOR YOUR PRESENTATION. 702 01:04:52,088 --> 01:04:54,224 I HAVE A TWO-PART QUESTION. 703 01:04:54,224 --> 01:04:59,079 NUMBER ONE, I UNDERSTAND THE MISSION WAS PROPELLED BY ION 704 01:04:59,079 --> 01:05:00,330 PROPULSION. 705 01:05:00,330 --> 01:05:04,200 IT'S JUST GOING TO GIVE YOU THE CASE IN FRUITION. 706 01:05:04,200 --> 01:05:10,190 AND NUMBER TWO, REGARDING THE BRIGHT SPOTS IN THE CRATER, I 707 01:05:10,190 --> 01:05:14,177 UNDERSTAND THAT IT COULD BE SATURDAY OR E FLEKTIVE 708 01:05:14,177 --> 01:05:15,962 MATERIALS. 709 01:05:15,962 --> 01:05:19,015 I WAS WONDERING IF ANYTHING HAS BEEN FOUND ABOVE AND BEYOND 710 01:05:19,015 --> 01:05:21,234 THIS. 711 01:05:21,234 --> 01:05:24,254 >> YEAH, FIRST QUESTION, ION PROPULSION IS AN EXTREMELY 712 01:05:24,254 --> 01:05:28,108 EFFICIENT WAY TO EXPLORE CERTAIN PARTS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 713 01:05:28,108 --> 01:05:31,227 THE ASTEROID BELT IS REALLY A SWEET SPOT FOR A PLACE LIKE 714 01:05:31,227 --> 01:05:33,379 MARZ, YOU KNOW, CHEMICAL PROPULSION IS PROBABLY JUST 715 01:05:33,379 --> 01:05:55,235 FINE. 716 01:05:55,235 --> 01:05:57,871 YOU HAVE TO USE ION PROPULSION. 717 01:05:57,871 --> 01:06:02,041 >>> THE SECOND QUESTION, THE $64,000 QUESTION WHEN $64,000 718 01:06:02,041 --> 01:06:05,995 SEEMED LIKE A LOT. 719 01:06:05,995 --> 01:06:23,329 YES, THE SPECTROMETER CAN TEASE OUT WHAT THESE ARE. 720 01:06:23,329 --> 01:06:29,235 LIKELY HAS A RESOLUTION, BUT IT HANT BEEN FULLY PROCESSED. 721 01:06:29,235 --> 01:06:34,090 SOME OF THESE MATERIALS, BECAUSE THEY'RE MIXED SALT, WATER, 722 01:06:34,090 --> 01:06:38,244 HYDRATION BANDS, VERY, VERY COMPLEX TO UNDERSTAND. 723 01:06:38,244 --> 01:06:41,364 SO YOU HAVE TO DO MODELLING WHERE YOU COMBINE ALL OF THESE 724 01:06:41,364 --> 01:06:46,069 DIFFERENT THINGS TOGETHER IN THE RIGHT PROPORTIONS. 725 01:06:46,069 --> 01:06:56,095 AND IS THAT'S A VERY TIME-CONSUMING PROCESS. 726 01:06:56,095 --> 01:06:59,315 WE WILL HAVE DEFINITIVE ANSWERS, BUT IT'S GOING TO TAKE A LITTLE 727 01:06:59,315 --> 01:07:00,884 BIT OF TIME. 728 01:07:00,884 --> 01:07:12,278 >> THIS IMAGE, TO ME, LOOKS LIKE MAYBE A COMET IMPACT. 729 01:07:12,278 --> 01:07:14,347 AND A COMMENT ON THE VESTA. 730 01:07:14,347 --> 01:07:18,134 THOSE GULLIES AND STREAKS THAT YOU SAW IN THE SIDE OF THE 731 01:07:18,134 --> 01:07:20,153 CRATERS, THEY'RE REMINISCENT OF THE RSLs THAT WERE FOUND ON 732 01:07:20,153 --> 01:07:20,336 MARS. 733 01:07:20,336 --> 01:07:22,188 >> THEY ARE. 734 01:07:22,188 --> 01:07:26,192 >> POSSIBLY FLOWING WATER. 735 01:07:26,192 --> 01:07:42,942 >> YEAH, IT WAS INTERESTING TO ME WE HAVE HAD DISCUSSIONS. 736 01:07:42,942 --> 01:07:45,929 SO THE ANNOUNCEMENT LAST WEEK THAT YOU HAD EVIDENCE FOR 737 01:07:45,929 --> 01:07:48,147 WATERER COMING OUT OF THE MINERALS AND ACTUALLY FLOWING 738 01:07:48,147 --> 01:08:00,093 WAS CONSIDERED TO BE A HUGE FINDING. 739 01:08:00,093 --> 01:08:02,295 BUT I GUESS IT'S TOO INDIRECT. 740 01:08:02,295 --> 01:08:06,082 IT'S NOT QUITE CATCHING ON TO THE EXTENT. 741 01:08:06,082 --> 01:08:11,070 BUT I DO THINK THAT, AGAIN, WE'RE -- THINGS ARE REALLY 742 01:08:11,070 --> 01:08:16,059 MOVING FORWARD SO QUICKLY NOW BECAUSE WE HAVE THESE VERY 743 01:08:16,059 --> 01:08:19,195 DETAILED DATA SETS. 744 01:08:19,195 --> 01:08:23,149 WE HAVE TIMED EVOLUTIONS AND WE CAN COMPARE BODIES ACROSS, YOU 745 01:08:23,149 --> 01:08:25,051 KNOW, A WIDE SPECTRUM. 746 01:08:25,051 --> 01:08:31,024 SO IT'S A VERY EXCITING TIME. 747 01:08:31,024 --> 01:08:38,381 >> THE PLOOMS DETECTED IS CAUSED BY SUBLIMATION OF WATERER? 748 01:08:38,381 --> 01:08:42,235 >> WELL, WE WOULD ASSUME IT IS. 749 01:08:42,235 --> 01:08:58,885 >> AND THEN THE CRATERS ON VESTA. 750 01:08:58,885 --> 01:09:06,042 THEY SAY KIND OF REMIND ME OF SAND. 751 01:09:06,042 --> 01:09:08,928 WE KNOW THAT IT'S WATER VAPOR. 752 01:09:08,928 --> 01:09:16,135 HOW IT'S COMING OUT IS JUST SOME ICE THAT'S IN THE SUB SURFACE. 753 01:09:16,135 --> 01:09:29,899 THERE'S STILL A VERY SMALL AMOUNT OF WAETER. 754 01:09:29,899 --> 01:09:33,886 WE WOULD HAVE A HARD TIME SEEING IT. 755 01:09:33,886 --> 01:09:37,957 >> SO, COULD THE TOP LAYER OF THIS BE, LIKE, FROZEN ICE? 756 01:09:37,957 --> 01:09:39,092 WATER ICE? 757 01:09:39,092 --> 01:09:46,182 AND THEN, AS IT PASSES CLOSER TO THE SUN, THE FROZEN WATER ICE 758 01:09:46,182 --> 01:09:51,954 SUBLY MATES AND THEN UNDER IT BE LIQUID WATER ICE -- OR LIQUID 759 01:09:51,954 --> 01:09:52,121 WATER? 760 01:09:52,121 --> 01:10:08,337 COULD THAT FLOW OUT AS A PLUME? 761 01:10:08,337 --> 01:10:10,323 IT'S UNLIKELY THAT IT'S ICE. 762 01:10:10,323 --> 01:10:16,112 THE WATER WILL JUST DISAPPEAR TO A DEPTH. 763 01:10:16,112 --> 01:10:22,018 SF THAT ICE GETS EXPOSED, THEN FOR A BRIEF PEER DWROD OF TIME, 764 01:10:22,018 --> 01:10:24,370 IT'S GOING TO GO AWAY VERY QUICKLY. 765 01:10:24,370 --> 01:10:33,079 IT IS PRETTY UNLIKELY. 766 01:10:33,079 --> 01:10:43,990 IT'S AN IMMAKT GARDEN DPRIE BAA SALTIC RICH GRANULAR MATERIAL. 767 01:10:43,990 --> 01:10:47,260 IT'S VERY POROUS. 768 01:10:47,260 --> 01:10:49,378 SAND IS NOT A BAD ANALOGY. 769 01:10:49,378 --> 01:10:52,298 IT LOOKS LIKE SOMETHING YOU'D SEE OUT IN THE AT THE SCENE ERT, 770 01:10:52,298 --> 01:10:56,135 YOU KNOW, JUST A BIG KIND OF MASS-WASTING SLUMP DOWN THE 771 01:10:56,135 --> 01:11:06,195 SIDES OF THE KRATERER. 772 01:11:06,195 --> 01:11:11,317 >> LIKE I UNDERSTAND THE MISSION, BUT I'M KIND OF CURIOUS 773 01:11:11,317 --> 01:11:13,252 ABOUT MARS. 774 01:11:13,252 --> 01:11:14,237 YOU HAVE A ROVER ON MARS, RIGHT? 775 01:11:14,237 --> 01:11:16,322 >> UM-HMM. 776 01:11:16,322 --> 01:11:20,176 >> HAVE VOW TRIED TO PUT ANY TYPE OF LIVING ORGANISMS TO SEE 777 01:11:20,176 --> 01:11:23,112 IF THEY COULD SURVIVE ON ANOTHER PLANET? 778 01:11:23,112 --> 01:11:29,936 >> ACTUALLY, SO THEY'RE TRYING TO DO THE OPPOSITE, WHICH IS 779 01:11:29,936 --> 01:11:37,026 MAKE SURE WE DON'T SEND ANYTHING TO MARS THAT WOULD CONFUSE LIFE 780 01:11:37,026 --> 01:11:45,351 ON MAR. 781 01:11:45,351 --> 01:11:49,121 IF THERE'S LIFE ON MARS AND WE BRING SOMETHING WITH US, THEN 782 01:11:49,121 --> 01:11:51,157 WE'LL NEVER KNOW IT'S THERE. 783 01:11:51,157 --> 01:12:16,249 SO WE'RE WAY TOO FAR AHEAD. 784 01:12:16,249 --> 01:12:19,385 >> MY QUESTION IS ABOUT THE NATURE OF THE SPACECRAFT. 785 01:12:19,385 --> 01:12:25,958 WHAT SORTS OF UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS WENT INTO 786 01:12:25,958 --> 01:12:28,211 CHOOSING THE INSTRUMENT TAGSZ PACKAGE FOR THIS PARTICULAR 787 01:12:28,211 --> 01:12:32,949 SPACECRAFT VERSUS OTHERS. 788 01:12:32,949 --> 01:12:38,938 >> SO WE HAD TO FIND THE MINIMUM SET OF INSTRUMENTS THAT COULD 789 01:12:38,938 --> 01:12:44,060 ANNALS THE MAJOR QUESTIONS THAT WE COULD THINK OF AHEAD OF TIME. 790 01:12:44,060 --> 01:12:46,429 AND YOU NEVER KNOW WHAT YOU'RE GOING TO FIND WHEN YOU GET 791 01:12:46,429 --> 01:12:47,129 THERE. 792 01:12:47,129 --> 01:12:51,083 WE WEREN'T THINKING ALONG THE LINES OF WHAT WE FOUND IN SIRIS. 793 01:12:51,083 --> 01:12:57,223 BUT, CERTAINLY, CAMERAS AND SPECTROMA IS ARE THE WORKHORSE 794 01:12:57,223 --> 01:13:01,077 OF ANY MISSION CHLTS AND THE GAMMA RAY NEUTRON DETECTOR WAS 795 01:13:01,077 --> 01:13:05,281 CRITICAL FOR LOOKING FOR WATER ON SIRIS, LOOKING AT TRYING TO 796 01:13:05,281 --> 01:13:08,234 MATCH THE ROCKS TO THE MEET I DON'T RECALL IDENTITIES. 797 01:13:08,234 --> 01:13:11,203 SO IT GAVE YOU ANOTHER DIMENSION OTHER THAN THE MINERAL 798 01:13:11,203 --> 01:13:18,261 COMPOSITION THAT YOU GET FROM THE VISIBLE SPECK TROM MATERIAL. 799 01:13:18,261 --> 01:13:21,047 AND THEN GRAVITY IS KIND OF FOR FREE. 800 01:13:21,047 --> 01:13:26,319 IF YOU DO THE NAVIGATION PRECISELY ENOUGH, IT DIDN'T 801 01:13:26,319 --> 01:13:31,958 REQUIRE ANY EXTRA EQUIPMENT. 802 01:13:31,958 --> 01:13:34,944 SO IT WAS COST CONSTRAINT AND MASS CONSTRAINT. 803 01:13:34,944 --> 01:13:37,363 AND THOSE THREE STRIMTS WERE JUST THE ONES WE THOUGHT WERE 804 01:13:37,363 --> 01:13:40,132 GOING TO GIVE US THE MOST INFORMATION FOR THE RESOURCES WE 805 01:13:40,132 --> 01:13:45,988 HAD. 806 01:13:45,988 --> 01:13:48,074 AND THEN BECAUSE WE HAD GOTTEN TWO OF THEM, THAT MADE ALL THE 807 01:13:48,074 --> 01:13:50,092 DIFFERENCE. 808 01:13:50,092 --> 01:14:03,289 THAT CONTRIBUTION, NOSE INSTRUMENTS COST BETWEEN 20 AND 809 01:14:03,289 --> 01:14:13,916 345 MILLION DLARS A PIECE. 810 01:14:13,916 --> 01:14:15,968 >> I THANK YOU FOR YOUR SCIENCE. 811 01:14:15,968 --> 01:14:20,172 JUST CURIOUS. 812 01:14:20,172 --> 01:14:23,242 YOU'VE SEARCHING FOR OTHER ELEMENTS SUCH AS HELIUM THREE ON 813 01:14:23,242 --> 01:14:25,177 SOME OF THESE BODIES. 814 01:14:25,177 --> 01:14:26,178 >> WE'RE NOT GOING TO BE ABLE -- NO. 815 01:14:26,178 --> 01:14:29,231 BECAUSE WE CAN'T. 816 01:14:29,231 --> 01:14:34,153 >> OKAY. 817 01:14:34,153 --> 01:14:35,021 A QUESTION FROM ONLINE. 818 01:14:35,021 --> 01:14:35,221 A COUPLE. 819 01:14:35,221 --> 01:14:38,290 OKAY. 820 01:14:38,290 --> 01:14:42,294 SO CEBA 5 OF 18 SKSZ. >> GLOOERNTDS GLOERNTDS 821 01:14:42,294 --> 01:14:46,999 GLOIRJTSDS WHEN WE'VE GOT A CONFER MAEGS OF WHAT THE BRIEGTS 822 01:14:46,999 --> 01:14:48,134 SPOTS ARE. 823 01:14:48,134 --> 01:14:52,104 SO THE REASON I THINK SOMEBODY WHO KNOWS SOMETHING ABOUT THE 824 01:14:52,104 --> 01:14:56,158 MISSION BECAUSE IN DECEMBER WILL BE ATTAINING OUR LOWEST ALTITUDE 825 01:14:56,158 --> 01:14:56,942 OSHT. 826 01:14:56,942 --> 01:14:59,895 WE'LL BE JUST 375 KILOMETERS ABOVE THE SURFACE WITHIN ONE 827 01:14:59,895 --> 01:15:01,297 BODY RADIUS. 828 01:15:01,297 --> 01:15:05,935 AND THAT'S WHEN OUR GAMMA RAY NEUTRON DETECTOR GETS THE 829 01:15:05,935 --> 01:15:12,058 RESOLUTION OF THE LMTS ON THE SURFACE. 830 01:15:12,058 --> 01:15:15,061 SO WOE 'GETTING HIGH RESOLUTION DATA AND A NEW DATA SET. 831 01:15:15,061 --> 01:15:23,119 I THINK BY DECEMBER, WE WILL HAVE A PRETTY FIRM ANSWER ON THE 832 01:15:23,119 --> 01:15:26,322 YEAH,WE'LL HAVE A FIRM ANNALS BECAUSE AS I MENTIONED BEFORE, 833 01:15:26,322 --> 01:15:29,959 WE'LL HAVE PROCESS THROUGH THE SPECK SFROEMT SFLOEMTSDS GLOEJSZ 834 01:15:29,959 --> 01:15:32,344 GLOEJSZ SDWLOEJSZ AND WE'LL HAVE A LOT MORE TIME TO THINK ABOUT 835 01:15:32,344 --> 01:15:35,381 THE GEOLOGY THAT'S GOING ON AND WHAT PROCESS MIGHT HAVE BEEN 836 01:15:35,381 --> 01:15:41,087 PLACED THERE. 837 01:15:41,087 --> 01:15:43,189 AROUND THEN CAVERN SFLERKSZ GLERKSZ GLOEJSZ GLOEJSZ 838 01:15:43,189 --> 01:15:47,076 GLOENTSDS GLOENCHTZ GLEJTSZ GLOERMTSDS WILL YOU BUB LISH 839 01:15:47,076 --> 01:15:48,961 MULTISPECTRAL RAPTORS. 840 01:15:48,961 --> 01:15:51,981 THE DATA FROM THE MISSION ARE ALL BEING ARCHIVED WITH THE 841 01:15:51,981 --> 01:15:54,100 PLANETARY DATA SYSTEM. 842 01:15:54,100 --> 01:15:59,889 AND THERE'S A BIG DAY OF DELIVERY GOING ON RIGHT NOW FROM 843 01:15:59,889 --> 01:16:15,071 THE INITIAL PHASES OF THE MISSION. 844 01:16:15,071 --> 01:16:19,942 AND THEN OUR KERRY ASKS WHAT ADD VIESZ TO YOU HAVE FOR STUBTS 845 01:16:19,942 --> 01:16:20,943 GOING INTO SOLAR SYSTEM SCIENCE. 846 01:16:20,943 --> 01:16:24,980 GO IT. 847 01:16:24,980 --> 01:16:28,250 >> NO, SERIOUSLY. 848 01:16:28,250 --> 01:16:33,189 THERE'S REALLY A LOT GOING ON RIGHT NOW. 849 01:16:33,189 --> 01:16:38,227 AND, YOU KNOW, NOT ONLY DO WE HAVE A LOT OF THESE LOWER-COST 850 01:16:38,227 --> 01:16:41,080 MISSIONS, WE'RE GOING TO A LOT OF DIFFERENT TAR GETS. 851 01:16:41,080 --> 01:16:44,383 AND THEN WE'RE GETTING MUCH MORE DETAILED DATA SETS ABOUT THE 852 01:16:44,383 --> 01:16:51,056 PLANETS. 853 01:16:51,056 --> 01:16:56,312 THE EUROPE MISSION WILL BE A FANTASTIC NEW VIEW OF ONE OF THE 854 01:16:56,312 --> 01:16:58,948 MOST INTERESTING OBJECTS IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 855 01:16:58,948 --> 01:17:02,234 AND IF THAT WEREN'T ENOUGH, THERE'S A WHOLE REVOLUTION GOING 856 01:17:02,234 --> 01:17:30,312 ON WITH CUTE SETS AND SMALL SETS. 857 01:17:30,312 --> 01:17:36,185 THERE'S GOING TO BE A HUE AMOUBT OF COOL DATA COMING THROUGH. 858 01:17:36,185 --> 01:17:40,189 AS LONG AS NASA AND THE TAXPAYERS CONTINUE TO SUPPORT 859 01:17:40,189 --> 01:17:53,319 IT. 860 01:17:53,319 --> 01:18:00,309 IT'S GOING TO BE A BRIGHT FUTURE.